International Journal of

1. Introduction

Infertility is the inability to become pregnant after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (1). Infertility is one of the personal and
social problems affecting couples’ life and family functioning and can expose people to psychological stress or psychiatric disorders (2). Infertility may
be considered as one of the most stressful events. Researchers reported that Infertility associated with stressful experience, health problems, lack of selfconfidence, feeling of grievance, threat, depression, sin, disappointment, and marital problems (3). According to the World Health Organization, about 33.35% (about 5 million) people in the world are infertile (4). Infertility can play a role in generating stress in the family. The stress due to infertility reduces self-esteem in couples. The collection of these emotions leads to depression and anxiety in them (5). Depression and anxiety are the most common reaction in infertile couples (6).
Anxiety and depression are called as two relatively common mental disorders. The prevalence of depressionn in the general population in Iran has been reported between 2.4 and 37%. (7). The overall prevalence of mental disorders in infertile couples is reported to be between 25% and 60% (8). In a study of 55 infertile women (25 males and 30 females), anxiety and depression were found in infertile couples. The most important factor in this issue is the attitude of individuals toward living control and social acceptance (9). In Behdani and colleagues, 57.1% of infertile women had a degree of depression. Also, depression in 20.9% of them was clinical depression (10). The chance of getting pregnant may increase by treating mental disorders. Reducing the anxiety of couples referring to infertility treatment centers through counseling and supportive psychotherapy are effective (3). The presence of clinical psychologists and psychiatrists in diagnostic and treatment centers is important in helping infertile couples to better adapt to stress due to infertility.
Most studies reported that depression and anxiety symptoms were intensified in infertile women undergoing treatment with negative response of pregnancy testing. Many studies have been done to examine the psychiatric disorders among infertile and fertile couples. Therefore, this metaanalysis was conducted to compare the depression and anxiety in fertile and infertile women in various studies.

2. Material and Methods

This article is a systematic review and metaanalysis that conducted based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) Checklist (11).

2.1. Literature and search strategy

Researchers searched articles in multiple databases including World Health Organization, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct, Medline EMBASE, and Persian databases such as SID and Iran Medx. All studies about the depression and anxiety among fertile and infertile couples published between 2005 and 2014 were collected. The main keywords used for searching the databases were: depression, anxiety, infertility,and fertility.

2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis were: 1) cohort and case-control studies; 2) Studies that show depression and anxiety in fertile or infertile couples; 3) articles that reported mean and SD for depression and anxiety. Also, the exclusion Criteria included: 1) same studies that published in several journals (researchers included more recent studies into the meta-analysis) and 2) case reports, editorials, review articles, conference papers, metaanalysis studies.

2.3. Data extraction

Data extraction was carried out using two readers independently. Researchers recorded the number of infertile and fertile groups, depression and anxiety ascertainment, subjects, mean of depression and anxiety in infertile and fertile group.

2.4. Quality assessment

The quality of the methodology of studies was evaluated by The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality scale. On this scale, articles with higher quality receive 9 stars (12).

2.5. Statistics and analysis

We used I2 index and Q test to assess quantitative heterogeneity in meta-analysis (p< 0.1). I² ranges 0–100% and describes the percentage of inconsistency across studies in a meta-analysis. A value of 0% indicates no heterogeneity between the studies.
All of the sample estimate transferred to standardized mean difference effect sizes (d) and unbiased sample estimate standardized mean difference effect sizes (g, also known as Hedges’ g like Cohen’ d) (13). The Hedges’ g of 0.2 identified as a small difference between groups, 0.5 a moderate difference, and 0.8≤ a large difference. These values suggest statistical differences measured in terms of effect size; while clinical measures of anxiety and depression are suitable for assessing clinical differences.
In addition, publication bias (p< 0.5) was determined by linear regression Egger’s and Begg’s rank correlation and funnel plot. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis/2.0 was used for statistical analyses.

2.6. Ethical consideration

This article has a license from the research ethics committees of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, code IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1394.81.

3. Results

Considering the title, abstract, and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 42 articles were entered in the meta-analysis. Finally, eight studies were considered for the comparison of depression and anxiety, two studies for the comparison of depression, and one published article to compare anxiety in fertile and infertile couples (Figure 1).
The quality of the methodology of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Assessment Scale (Tables I and II). The results show that articles entered into this study received 5 to 8 stars, also nine studies have high quality (overall score> 6). Table III shows the main characteristics of the eligible studies. All articles were written in English language except two that were published in Persian language. Also, five of the studies were conducted in Iran; two were from turkey, one from Korea, one from Italy, one article from Nigeria, and one from Poland. Additionally, five of the studies were conducted during 2002–2008 and six of them during 2011–2016.
According to the survey conducted in this metaanalysis, depression and anxiety in fertile and infertile couples have a statistically significant association in all articles. The results of this study showed that the standard effect size (hedges’ g) for the difference in anxiety scores in the infertile couples than the fertile couples was 0.653. This finding showed a moderate difference in anxiety between fertile and infertile couples; so that the anxiety levels were higher in infertile couples than fertile couples. In addition, the standard effect size (hedges’ g) for the difference in depression scores in the infertile group than the fertile group was 1.21. This finding showed a large difference in depression between fertile and infertile couples; so that the depression levels were higher in infertile couples than fertile couples. The STD mean obtained by the fixed effects model and random effect and Cochran test results are shown in Table IV. The results of Table IV showed that Cochran’s test was significant (p< 0.0001), therefore, researchers used the random effect model for analysis. The results of the heterogeneity test showed a significant heterogeneity among all articles that were analyzed in this meta-analysis in the field of depression (I2= 97.29, Q-value=
332.35, p= 0.0001). Also, there was a significant heterogeneity among all articles in the field of anxiety that were analyzed in this meta-analysis (I2=97.33, Q-value= 299.76, P-value= 0.0001 (Figures 2 and 3)). Begg’s test and Egger’s test for depression (p= 0.06 and p= 0.0736, respectively) and anxiety (p= 0.21 and p= 0.251, respectively) showed that there is no probable of publication bias in this metaanalysis. Funnel plot is shown in Figures 4 and 5.


Table I: The methodological quality of studies based on Newcastle–Ottawa scale (case-control study).



Table II: The methodological quality of studies based on Newcastle–Ottawa scale (cohort study).



Table III: Characteristics of the studies correlating the comparison of depression and anxiety in fertile and infertile couples.



Table IV: Heterogeneity test results of the studies correlating the study of depression and anxiety in fertile and infertile couples.





Figure 1: Flow chart of study selection.




Figure 2: Forest plot of the comparison of depression in fertile and infertile couples.




Figure 3: Forest plot of the comparison of anxiety in fertile and infertile couples.




Figure 4: Funnel plot of the comparison of anxiety in fertile and infertile couples.




Figure 5: Funnel Plot of the comparison of depression in fertile and infertile couples.


4. Discussion

Infertility can be described as a crisis that is associated with physical, psychological, mental, and social problems. Infertile women are often driven by their husband and society due to their inability to give birth; this has a negative impact on their psychological state. The results of this study showed that the standard effect size (hedges’ g) for the difference in anxiety scores in the infertile group than the fertile group was 0.653, and this relationship was statistically significant (p= 0.0001). The standardized mean difference is considered as a noticeable effect size. This value has been positive in the present study; the results showed that the anxiety levels were higher in infertile couples than fertile couples in all the studies reviewed. Of course, the effect size of hedges’ g can be converted to the odds ratio index for further interpretation. The result of this conversion was 3.25 for the odds ratio. This showed that infertile women have three times more chance of anxiety than fertile women. These findings are consistent with separate studies conducted by various researchers (15, 17, 18, 20, 23). Therefore, psychological interventions, especially cognitive supportive therapies, may be useful to reduce anxiety in infertile women. The results of this study showed that the standard effect size (hedges’ g) for the difference in depression scores in the infertile group than the fertile group was 1.21, and this relationship was statistically significant (p= 0.0001). This value has been positive in the present study; the results showed that depression levels were higher in infertile women than fertile women. The result of the conversion of the effect size to the odds ratio was 8.97. This suggests that the depression in infertile couples is about nine times higher than fertile couples. The analysis of 11 articles used in this meta-analysis showed that depression and anxiety scores in infertile couples were higher than fertile couples. This difference has been shown in many national and international studies. Of course, there are exceptions in this relationship. Sezgin and co-worker did not show a significant difference between depression and anxiety in infertile and fertile couples. In their study, only clinical anxiety in infertile couples was significantly higher than fertile couples (22). People who experience infertility need psychological support to deal with mental problems. Therefore, mental and emotional support must be integrated with clinical support. Upkong in his study showed that age, lack of at least one child, and lack of support from the husband were the predictors of depression and anxiety in infertile women (18). Obstetricians should consider that reducing mental and social problems may lead to increased treatment satisfaction and fertility. If depression and anxiety are chronic, it may have a negative effect on the treatment. Sometimes depression and anxiety turn into isolation and lack of eagerness to participate in society. This is a serious issue and shows the role of social support. The limitations of the present study are as follows (1). The information from subgroups is not mentioned in the results of the articles used in this metaanalysis, so researchers cannot use them in the subgroup analysis (2). Different tools have been used to measure anxiety and depression in the articles.

5. Conclusion

The analysis of articles used in this metaanalysis indicated that depression and anxiety scores in infertile couples were higher than fertile couples. Therefore, increasing the awareness of infertile couples by using workshops, providing educational packages, informing through mass media, providing free counseling services, and educating the general public and families about new infertility treatment technologies can help in reducing anxiety, depression, and mental disturbances. Therefore, it is recommended to the family counselors that provide programs for increasing the level of knowledge of couples in this regard.

Acknowledgments

The study received funding from the Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.