International Journal of

1. Introduction
Infertility and frequent abortion in couples are global concerns (1). Based on the world health
organization guidelines, infertility is defined as the lack of ability to conceive after one year of intercourse without contraception (2). It has been reported that one-fourth of infertility cases are men-related and azoospermia is considered as one of the causes of male infertility (3). Azoospermia, the lack of sperm in an ejaculation, could be clinically nonobstructive (NOA) or obstructive (OA) with different etiologies and treatments (4). Unlike OA phenotype that shows normal spermatogenesis, the spermatogenesis process in NOA men is disturbed due to the exposure to toxic materials or abnormal evolution of the testes (5).
Disruption of epigenetic modification by a specific H3K9 demethylase (named Lysine-specific Demethylase 3A: KDM3A) causes post-meiosis deficiency of spermatid chromatin, sperm cells abnormal structure, and abnormal sperm shape (6, 7). The KDM3a knockdown mice studies confirmed that the expression of the gene starts at the late pachytene, continues till the late stage of spermatid creation, and that induces major effects on sperm maturation (6). The KDM3A function is extremely important not only for histone 3 demethylation but also for the removal of methyl groups from the promoter of downstream genes transition protein 1 (TNP1) and protamine 1 (PRM1) (6, 7). Without the function of KDM3A in round spermatids, excessive methylation would lead to the transcription suppression of TNP1/PRM1 genes and the occurrence of infertility in animal models (8). These findings propose the essential role of KDM3A in the final development of male germline cells.
During the evolution of germline cells, the epigenetic modifications via non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical to regulate gene expression, genome stability, and genome imprinting (9). Micro-RNAs (miRNAs), an important class of ncRNAs with 18-25 nucleotide in length, are great regulators of gene expression (10). Several investigations have been conducted on human abnormally and their association with miRNAs (11, 12). Regarding the important roles of miRNAs in control of gene expression, this study investigates the effect of hsa-miR-27a-3p on KDM3A transcription and the ability of this miRNA as a diagnostic biomarker for azoospermia men.
 
2. Materials and Methods
In this case-control study, several biological databases such as:

Were applied. Based on the interpretation of in silico studies, hsa-miR-27a-3p was selected as the best candidate against KDM3A transcripts. Based on the frequency of azoospermia in the population (1%) and in accordance with the previous studies, the minimum sample size of 30 was calculated (13). The sample size was obtained based on the following formula:
 
 
According to the histology clarification, out of 30 TESE and micro-TESE azoospermic sample tissues, 11 were OA and 19 were NOA. The average age of the individuals was 35 ± 5 yr with no background of testicular tumor or testis-related diseases. According to the previous studies, OA individuals were considered as our control group (14, 15).
Testicular tissue was collected from volunteer azoospermia men who referred for TESE and micro-TESE to the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center (IFIC) during a period of 2 yr from the spring 2013 to the spring 2015. Approximately 50 ml of testicular tissue was submerged in RNAlater stabilization solution (Ambion Life Science, Austin, TE, USA, AM7024). The proper amount of solution was chosen based on the manufacturer’s instruction. Testicular tissues were stored at 4ºC for 24 hr and homogenized using Heidolph Homogenizer DIAX 900 (Heidolph Instruments GmbH & CO. KG, Germany). Additionally, to eliminate cross-contamination, homogenizer probe was washed with 0.4 molar NaOH first, and then with ethanol 75%, and finally rinsed with distilled water. The total RNA was extracted using the SinaClon RNX_Plus extraction buffer (Sinaclon, IRAN) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The RNA quality and quantity were analyzed with 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and nanodrop OneC (Thermo Scientific, USA), respectively. Then, 1 μl of the sample was loaded on the Nanodrop and the quantity of the extracted RNA was measured. RT-BON (Sinaclon, IRAN) adaptor primer was used to add a poly (A) tail to the end of extracted miRNAs and first-strand cDNA synthesis was done using oligo (dT) primers. High specific forward and reverse primers of hsa-miR-27a-3p were purchased from the Bonyakhteh Co. (Iran, http://strc.ac.ir/en). RT-qPCR in triplicate was done under the operation of Choromo 4 Bio-Rad machine (USA) and U6-snRNA was used as calibrator gene.
 
2.1. Ethical consideration
A written informed consent form was obtained from all studied subjects. The study protocol were approved by the institutional review board of Royan Institute (Project ID. No. 94000096).
 
2.2. Statistical analysis
The mean Cq of hsa-miR-27a-3p between OA and NOA was compared using t test. In addition, the GraphPad Prism 7.05 software (USA) was used and p-values < 0.05 were considered as significant.
 
3. Results
3.1. Bioinformatics exploration
Delving in various databases, the existing information was screened deeply and hsa-miR-27a-3p was selected. The hsa-miR-27a-3p showed the highest frequency in different databases, the highest score of potentiality of targeting KDM3A transcript, and conserved seed sequences among all vertebrates. In vitro studies were also conducted on hsa-miR-27a-3p miRNA to affirm the rate of KDM3A targeting.
 
3.2. RNA extraction and RT-qPCR analysis
The concentration of the purified RNA was determined by reading the RNA absorbance at wavelengths of 260, 280, and 230 nm. The absorptionratios of 260/280 and 260/230 were between 1/8 and 2. For quality evaluation of the extracted RNA, electrophoresis gel was run. In addition, to find the hsa-miR-27a-3p expression between NOA and OA men, the RT-qPCR technique was performed. Primer specificity was evaluated by melt curve analysis which has shown the best specificity for the primers that has been depicted by a single pick. The hsa-miR-27a-3p expression was normalized by U6 snRNA internal control and the expression levels of NOA and OA were compared. P = 0.019 was calculated through statistical analysis of the RT-qPCR data via t test which shows the meaningful overexpression of hsa-miR-27a-3p in NOA men. The hsa-miR-27a-3p miRNA mean expression level was drawn via Graph Pad Prism 7.05 software (Figure 1).
 

 
4. Discussion
In this study, it was found that hsa-miR-27a-3p overexpress in NOA men than OA men and this miRNA can potentially match with the 3′UTR of KDM3A transcript and prevent its translation and lead to infertility in NOA men.
Finding the predictive markers for sperm retrieval is very important because they could be used as diagnostic agents for infertile couples. To achieve this goal, many investigations have been done to find a valuable marker for sperm retrieval (16-18). The previous study conducted by Tournaye  and colleagues that focused on the non-genetic markers such as serum FSH level, semen analysis, and testis dimensions found that these non-genetic factors do not have enough ability to predict sperm retrieval (19). A similar study to find sperm retrieval-predicting markers was conducted on the blood samples of 78 NOA, 15 OA, and 10 fertile men measuring the FSH and Inhibin B serum factors (20). The study proposed that NOA men have a significantly lower inhibin B protein and high FSH level than OA men, and that because of this, inhibin B may be used as an accurate and reliable marker for evaluating sperm retrieval (20). Because the expression of inhibin B depends on FSH hormone and regarding the change of male hormones level by ageing as the change of FSH level, inhibin B cannot be used as an accurate marker for fertility evaluation of  infertile men (21).
Moreover, the first study to find the genetic markers in azoospermia men was conducted by Lee and colleagues. They investigated the DAZ and DAZL1 genes expression in Korean azoospermic men via RT-qPCR method. They assessed the genes expression of 43 infertile men, including 20 SCOS, 6 MA, 6 natural spermatogenesis, and 6 hypospermatogenesis men. The microscopic study of seminiferous tubules revealed that spermatogenetic cells were observed only in 30% of SCOC men. While DAZ and DAZL1 genes expression were reported in 13 men with spermatozoa in microscopic cuts, no expression of the mentioned genes was seen in 14 men with no spermatogenic cells (22). The first case of RT-qPCR method usage in gene expression as a genetic marker for sperm retrieval evaluation was reported in 2002. This study conduct on 23 idiopathic azoospermia men and 5 fertile men as the control group for analyzing the DAZ, RBMY1, USP9Y, protamine-2, SRY, and actin gene expression. this study showed that the spermatogenesis genes expression of azoospermic patients are different from that of fertile men (23).
In a study performed on mouse models, it was found that partial deletion of KDM3A gene leads to a significant decrease in the number of sperms in mice (6). In subsequent studies, it was indicated that KDM3A controls the two downstream genes of PRM1 and TNP1, and the lack of KDM3A expression causes downregulation of the PRM1 and TNP1 expressions (6-8). Also, regarding the function of demethylase of the KDM3A gene on the lysine-9 domain of H3, it was found that methylation of the promoter of the two genes of TNP1 and PRM1 was also significantly increased (6, 7). The results of that research showed that the expression of all the studied genes including KDM3A, TNP1, and PRM1 in all histological groups of azoospermia men with the tissue pattern of SCOC suggested a significant difference in the expression of hypospermatogenesis (7).
One of the biomarkers that has attracted the attention of many researchers is non-coding RNA including miRNAs. The abnormal expression of miRNAs are related to many diseases and abnormalities (11). In a study that conducted on 200 azoospermia men its was showen that miR-141, miR-429, and miR-7-1-3p upregulated in NOA men (24). Likewise, another study performed to find altered miRNA expression profile in infertile male and found 54 miRNAs upregulated and 27 miRNAs downregulated in asthenozoospermic men (25). Microarray analysis indicated 93 miRNAs and 4,172 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the NOA and normozoospermic OA men, respectively (26).
In 2018, a study was performed on the miRNA27a and its association with pancreatitis cancer (27). In this study, While miRNA27a mimic was applied to overexpress the miRNA27a, an anti miR27a was applied to lower express the same (27). The results demonstrated that the overexpression of hsa-miR-27a-3p leads to cell growth and apoptosis prevention, while the lower expression of it leads to cell growth prevention, leading the cell to apoptosis (27). In a study on cervical cancer, it was found that the papillomavirus blocks mir-27a transcription in its host (28). This study was done by Luciferase method, and the results showed that mir-27a directly targets 3′UTR of beta growth receptor agent (TGF-βRI) transcript and it causes a decrease in signaling of TGF-β (28). Consequently, it leads to inhibition of the signaling path of TGF-β, which acts as a tumor suppressor that causes cancer in uterine cells and especially in adenocarcinoma (28). In a study wich performed on pancreatitis cancer, it was found that in patients with this cancer, mir-27a overexpressed target 3′UTR Sprouty2 mRNA (29). Further, a low expression of Sprouty2 mRNA leads to growth, colony formation, and migration of pancreatitis cancer cells (29). In another study that was done on pulmonary cancer cells in mouse, it was found that the increased expression of mir-27a leads to cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis by targeting the downstream genes, while decreasing the expression of this miRNA has a quite opposite effect (30).
According to the former researches on the hsa-miR-27a-3p and its association with human diseases and abnormalities (27-30), and also by using in silico and in vitro studies, it supports the idea that hsa-miR-27a-3p overexpressed in NOA men. The former investigation illustrated that KDM3A transcript significantly decreased in NOA men (6-8). Based on in silico studies, hsa-miR-27a-3p has the potential ability to target KDM3A transcript in testicular tissue by attaching on 3′UTR of KDM3A mRNA and hinder its translation. Consequently, downstream genes which are controlled by KDM3A such as PRM1 and TNP1 are not expressed and all these together drive to male infertility in NOA men. The discovery of new miRNAs which are associated with the specific human disease or abnormality can finally lead to a change in the attitude of treatment methods toward infertile couples and also regarding the possibility of using miRNA-based drugs.
 
5. Conclusion
In this study, it was showed that hsa-miR-27a-3p overexpressed in NOA testicular tissue in comparison to the OA men. In silico investigations propose that the most probable target for hsa-miR-27a-3p in testicular tissue is KDM3A transcript. Also, in silico studies suggest that hsa-miR-27a-3p could complementarily match to the 3′UTR of KDM3A transcription and hinder its translation. As the product of KDM3A regulates its downstream genes such as TNP1 and PRM1 expression, in the lack of KDM3A product, these genes are staying off (7). Consequently, the lack of TNP1 and PRM1 genes expression leads to the loss of the required condensation of chromosomes for proper packing in the sperm head, and it is considered as one of the causes of infertility in NOA men (7).
 
Acknowledgments
This study was performed at the university of Isfahan and was financially supported by the Graduate Studies Department of the University of Isfahan (Grant number: 12063) in support of Hamid Norioun for obtaining his MSc degree from the University of Isfahan.
 
Conflict of interest
None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare and all authors support submission to this journal.