International Journal of

 

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, frequently found in the ovary in 17-44% of women with endometriosis (1). Ovarian endometrioma is an ovarian cyst which is bound by endometrial tissue and holds menstrual debris. Endometrioma is displayed by dysmenorrhea (2), pelvic pain, and subfertility (3). The conventional management of these ovarian cysts is surgery and the most common surgical process is laparoscopic cystectomy. Several reports have indicated that surgical treatment have a detrimental effect on ovarian reserve (4-6) due to the removal of healthy tissue next to the cyst wall (7, 8), besides excessive ovarian coagulation (5). Therefore, there are controversies regarding the surgical management (9-13) along with changes of attitudes toward a less invasive approach especially in the cases of infertility. On the other hand, medical therapy has been widely investigated in the treatment of ovarian endometrioma. Oral contraceptive pills, progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (14) as well as aromatase inhibitors (15) are effective to recover symptoms, reduce cyst size, and decrease the risk of post-surgery occurrence (16). However, the majority of cases show symptom reappearance by withdrawing medical treatment (17). Alternatively, some studies have reported the effectiveness of sclerotherapy on the reduction of endometrioma recurrence rate (18-20). Ethanol sclerotherapy in combination with transvaginal ultrasound aspiration significantly reduce one-year recurrence rate among women with recurrence cyst (18) and could be considered as an effective alternative to surgery in the management of endometrioma (21). Discrepancy in the results of the studies investigating the effect of ethanol sclerotherapy on the recurrence endometrioma may be due to the difference in ethanol concentration and volume in addition to the number of the cysts and cyst size (22). Furthermore, it is assumed that varied treatment time may also affect the total recovery rate of endometrioma (21, 23).
Therefore, in this study, we aimed to extent our previous practice (24) to compare the different time of ethanol exposure with regard to the risk of recurrence and reproductive outcome in ovarian endometrioma.
 

Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 20 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago. IL, USA). The differences between continuous variables with normal distribution were calculated using the Student t-test. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, and p < 0.05 was set as the level of significance for this study.
 

The mean age of the patients was 31.47 ± 4.93 yr, the mean infertility duration was 7.95 ± 4.08 yr, and the mean cyst size was 4.52 ± 1.27 cm. No surgical complication occurred for any patient. No atypical cell was observed in the cytology reports of aspirated cysts fluid. The characteristics of both aspiration and retention group are presented in table I. Moreover, two groups were similar in terms of age, duration of infertility, and cyst size. Two women (7.4%) in the aspiration group and three (18.8%) in the retention group were lost to follow-up. Therefore, 25 women in the aspiration and 13 in the retention groups were analyzed for the pregnancy outcome and recurrence rate. With regard to pregnancy outcome, 52% of the women in the aspiration and 53.8% in the retention group were detected with positive chemical pregnancy. Ongoing pregnancy (44% vs 46.2%) and live birth (40% vs 46.2%) were reported marginally higher in the retention group compared with the aspiration group, and the differences were not statistically significant (Table II). Among the 13 pregnant women in the aspiration group, 6 women (46.2%) had conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) and 7 women (53.8%) became pregnant spontaneously. However, in the retention group, 57.1% of the women achieved pregnancy through assisted reproduction technique and 42.9% reached spontaneous conception. The recurrence rates were found to be 52% and 46.2% in the aspiration and retention groups, respectively (p = 0.500) (Table II). The cysts size in the retention group significantly correlated to the recurrence rate. All cysts > 5 cm showed a recurrent form and 77.8% of cysts with a diameter of ≤ 5 cm did not recur (p = 0.021) (Figure 1).
 

In this study, we found that both aspiration and left in situ of ethanol 95% have the same effect on the treatment of ovarian endometrioma in terms of pregnancy rate as well as the recurrence rate. The preliminary treatment approach was cyst aspiration, followed by ethanol injection either removed after 10 min or retention.
Ethanol sclerotherapy is a good alternative policy to avoid detrimental effects of laparoscopic cystectomy on ovarian function (18, 25). Andre and colleagues et al reported a 20% pregnancy rate after ethanol sclerotherapy of ovarian endometrioma subsequent to ovarian stimulation with GnRh agonist protocol (26). In our previous clinical trial, we enrolled 40 women with recurrent endometrioma for an IVF cycle; 20 patients randomly underwent ethanol sclerotherapy. The result showed no significant differences in the implantation and fertilization rates as well as the clinical pregnancy rate in both groups (24). Likewise, Lee and colleagues found similar results in terms of implantation and clinical pregnancy rates between three groups of patients with endometrioma (surgical resection, aspiration with ethanol sclerotherapy, and the group with no intervention (27).
With regard to the effect of treatment time on the pregnancy, in contrast to our findings, Chang and colleagues found that the pregnancy rate was significantly higher in patients who received longer treatment (more than 7 min and left ethanol in situ) than in the patients with shorter treatment time (0-6 min) (23). However, the total pregnancy rate after ethanol sclerotherapy in patients undergoing IVF ranged from 20- 57%, but the result of a systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the pregnancy rate was similar after endometrioma sclerotherapy compared with patients who underwent laparoscopic cystectomy, and also those with no intervention (22). Another study that evaluated the effect of ethanol sclerotherapy duration on the treatment of ovarian endometrioma, compared the time of sclerotherapy up to 10 min and ethanol retention. The authors did not report pregnancy rate but indicated that one-year recurrence rate was significantly lower (13%) in patients treated with in situ ethanol retention (18). Otherwise a high cyst recurrence rate was found in both groups with no significant difference between ethanol washing and ethanol retention group. Also, Noma and Yoshida reported a 9.1% recurrence rate using the treatment with ethanol for ≥ 10 min vs. 62.5% recurrence rate with instillation for < 10 min (28). Likewise, in the endometrioma treatment using 95% ethanol, the recurrence rate was found to be 13.3% in the retention group versus 32.1% in the irrigation group (29).
In our previous study, endometrioma was relapsed in 20% of women after 10 min of sclerotherapy (24). Similarly, two other studies reported a cyst recurrence rate of 8% and 12% in patients with 10 and 15 min of sclerotherapy with ethanol, respectively (21, 30). Moreover, Castellarnau and colleagues described the recurrence rate of 22.7% in patients who underwent ethanol sclerotherapy compared with those who underwent simple aspiration (72.7%) (31). It is documented that simple ultrasonography aspiration of endometrioma lead to a high recurrence rate by the range of 53-97.6% (31, 32). Nevertheless, when ethanol sclerotherapy was added to the procedure, both the recurrence rate and following infertility were decreased (20, 21, 28, 33, 34). The results of a meta-analysis revealed that the rates of endometrioma recurrence were 0-13.3% when ethanol was left in situ and 0-62.5% while it was used for washing up to 15 min. Therefore, the risk of cyst recurrence was significantly lower in women who were treated with the use of prolonged ethanol washing than those treated with the use of short ethanol washing (22). In contrast, another meta-analysis stated that endometrioma aspiration followed by sclerotherapy does not seem to significantly reduce the likelihood of recurrence. However, it should be noted that this review analyzed that studies used different sclerosing agents together with ethanol (35).
We also found that the cyst size in the ethanol retention group has a positive correlation with the recurrence rate. It has been shown previously that a larger cyst diameter is significantly associated with recurrence (31) and that women with cyst size ≤ 5 cm experience a higher recovery rate (23). Additionally, Andre and colleagues stated that ovarian cysts with a mean diameter of 4.7 cm did not recur after aspiration (26). It is confirmed that larger cysts have thick multiple septa and several cavities and hold more pathologic fillings; therefore, a larger area of endothelial lining is involved during the manipulation of these cysts. Mentioned features of large cysts decrease the ethanol efficacy and lead to incomplete procedures and higher failure rate (23).
 

In conclusion, our result showed that sclerotherapy using both aspiration and left in situ of ethanol 95% have a similar impact on the treatment of ovarian endometrioma regarding the pregnancy and recurrence rates. However, larger randomized studies with strict inclusion criteria are necessary to evaluate the effect of endometrioma sclerotherapy on bilateral cyst and improvement of ART outcome.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the staff of the operation room at the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute for their valuable contributions to all procedures and data gathering.
 
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.