@article{ author = {Kahraman, Semra and Findikli, Nacati}, title = {Current Status of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis}, abstract ={Since its first clinical application in early 90s, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has became a powerful diagnostic procedure in clinical practice for avoiding the birth of an affected child as well as increasing the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcome . The technique involves the screening of preimplantation embryos for chromosomal abnormalities in certain indications such as advanced maternal age, repeated abortions and translocations, or for single gene defects, the majority of which are cystic fibrosis and thalassaemias. In this context, it becomes an alternative option for traditional prenatal diagnosis. So far, more than 1000 unaffected babies have been born after PGD, indicating that the procedure is safe and effective in prevention of genetic defects as well as increasing the ART outcome. Besides its diagnostic value and expanding indications such as cancer predisposition, dynamic mutations and late onset disorders, a new feature, namely preimplantation human leuckocyte antigen (HLA) typing also demonstrates its novel therapeutic role in contemporary medicine. This article summarizes the recent status of PGD and discusses the current limitations and future perspectives associated with PGD techniques . Key Words:   PGD, ART,FISH}, Keywords = {PGD, ART,FISH}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-16-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-16-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Dehghani, Valli A and Khalili, Mohammad A and Zamani, Nahid and Dreh-Zereshki, Fakhri}, title = {Comparison between Semen Parameters of Ejaculates Collected Via Masturbation Versus Coitus Interruptus}, abstract ={Proper collections of human ejaculates are necessary for semen analysis and infertility treatment purposes. The objective of this study was to assess the seminal characteristics of ejaculates collected by patients via masturbation and coitus interruptus. Thirty individuals produced one sample via masturbation and one via incomplete coitus during a 3-days interval. The semen parameters were compared and analyzed with student t-test and Nemar test. The results showed that mean values for progressive motility of spermatozoa were increased from 46.81+15.7% to 58.76+13.5% in coitus interruptus and masturbation, respectively (P<0.01). Also, the mean values for normal sperm morphology was 54.03+25.1% in coitus interruptus and 63.36+13.4% in samples collected via masturbation (P<0.01). In addition, sperm concentration was significantly improved in ejaculates collected with masturbation (P<0.05). Although, insignificant, the concentration of round cells were lower in specimens collected via masturbation than coitus interruptus. Therefore, via masturbation method, better semen characteristics were yielded which subsequently may improve the infertility treatment outcome.}, Keywords = {Semen Analysis, Masturbation, Coitus Interruptus}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-11}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-11-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-11-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Sheikholslami, Behnaz and Salehnia, Mojdeh and Rezazadeh, Mojtab}, title = {The Effect of Different Concentrations of GM-CSF on the Development of Pre-Implantation Embryos in Mice (Pilot Study)}, abstract ={The cytokine of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a glycoprotein, which is synthesized in the female reproductive tract and has embryonic trophic effect in mammals. The objective of this study was to examine the optimal dosage of GM-CSF to improve the mouse embryo development in vitro. To collect two and eight cells embryos, the pregnant NMRI mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 48 h and 72 h post hCG injections, respectively. The embryos were cultured randomlly in T6 medium supplemented with 5 mg /ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0, 2, and 10 ng / ml human rGM-CSF. The data of blastocyst formation and hatching in different groups of embryo culture were compared by chi-square analysis. The results showed that the developmental rates of 2 and 8 cells embryos to hatching blastocyst in the presence of 2 ng/ml of GM-CSF their control groups (51.5% and 49.7%, respectively) were more than those in the other groups, but insignificant. It seems more researches are necessary to confirm this suggestion that the GM-CSF with 2 ng/ml concentration may have a better potential, not only to enhance the developmental rates of 2 and 8 cells embryos but also for decreasing the degeneration of those embryos.}, Keywords = {Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Embryo Development}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-14}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-12-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-12-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Hashemitabar, Mahmoud and Ghavamizadeh, Babak and Javadnia, Fatemea and Sadain, Esmaiel}, title = {The Impact of Ovarian Stimulation and Luteal Phase Support on}, abstract ={Background: The luteal phase defect is a common event following the ovarian stimulation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of human chorionic gonadotropine (hCG) and progesterone hormones to improve the luteal phase defect. Materials and Methods: 60 mice were superovulated routinely with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) (7.5U) and hCG (10U). The mice were mated and divided into 3 groups: 1- control (n=20) 2- hCG treatment (n= 20), and 3-Progesterone treatment (n=20). Each group was divided again into two subgroups. The mice (10 from each group) had no injection in group one and were injected intraperiteneal (IP) by hCG (5U/day) and progesterone (1mg/day) subcutaneously (sc) in groups 2 and 3, respectively for four days. On the day 5, the animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the uterus were flushed to count the number of blastocyst and their quality. The above treatment were carried out for 12 days in the other 10 mice in each group. Similarly group one had no injection and groups 2 and 3 were injected by hCG and progesterone for 12 days respectively by the same manner as mention above. The animals were killed on day 13 and the implanted embryos were counted. The uterus and ovary were processed on days 5 and 13 of pregnancy for histological studies. Results: The mean number of blastocysts per mouse were: 12.2%, 2.6% and 3% in group 1 to 3, respectively. The nomber of implanted embryos were 29 as: 13 living fetus in one mouse and 16 resorption fetus in the other. The morphology of uterus on day 5 was as follow: no development in the stroma and endometrial gland in control group, the stroma and endometrial gland so developed to form the saw teeth appearance which indicated on receptivity of uterus in hCG treated group similar to progesterone treated group, but without the saw teeth appearance. The continuation of hCG injection maintained the receptivity of uterus; while, the continuation in progesterone caused metaplesia of epithelium. The morphology of ovaries in all three groups showed no changes in corpus luteum size on day 5, and showed the following changes on day 13: increasing the number of primary and secondary follicles in control group; while, reducing the size of corpus luteum in hCG group. Conclusion: Progesterone did not improve the uterus and implantation rate. The prolonged usage of progesterone can change the morphology of uterus to more abnormal state in conterast to the prolonged usage of hCG.}, Keywords = {Implantation, Luteal Phase Defect,Ovarian Stimulation, Embryo, Mice}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-22}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {The Impact of Ovarian Stimulation and Luteal Phase Support on Embryo Quality and Implantation Process in Mice}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-13-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-13-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Mansour}, title = {Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay for 4-pregnene-3, 20-dione Hormone Using Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme as Tracer}, abstract ={Background: Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) has been described as an alternative to radioimmunoassay for the mammalian and nonmammalian steroids detection. In this study, a simple and rapid ELISA is described and validated for 4-pregnen-3,20, dione (progesterone). Materials and Methods: A general procedure for preparation of the acetylcholinesterase labelled steroid is described which is applicable to any steroid. Use of acetylcholinesterase tracer increased the sensitivity of assay so that reliable measurements of each steroid could be achieved with only 10 ?l of plasma. Results: Typical standard curves for progesterone steroids showed a workable range (detection limit) from 0.8 to 400 pg/well and the sensitivity of the assay taken as the concentration of steroid that induced 90% of B/B0, was 1.5 pg. Inter-assay variations that gave approximately 50% displacement was 9.2% for 10 replicates and intra-assay co-efficient of variation was less than 10% over the central part of the standard curve between 3 and 200 pg/well. There was a strong positive correlation (r>0.999) between the amount of steroid added to plasma and the amount measured. Conclusion: Method described here was applied to measure progesterone in plasma and this methodology could be of great interest to researchers measuring steroid hormones.}, Keywords = {Immunoassay, ELISA, Steroids}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-28}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-14-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-14-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Taheripanah, Robabeh and Karimzadeh, Mohammad A and Ghafourzadeh, Mohamm}, title = {Efficacy of Low Dose, Long-acting Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogues (GnRH-a) Compared with Daily Injections of Short-acting GnRH-a in ART Cycles}, abstract ={Background: The retrieval of good quality oocytes that is accomplished with selection of the best induction ovulation protocol on the basis of patients condition, age and cause of infertility, is one of the most important aspects of ART cycles. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of low dose, long acting GnRH-a (Decapeptyle) for pituitary desensitization and outcome of ART compared to long protocol of short acting GnRH-a (Busereline). Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial that was performed at Yazd IVF Center, 60 patients with 61 cycles of ART were included. Patients with endometriosis or age > 40 were excluded in this study. Using COH-ET, patients were randomly divided into two groups. In group one, 30 patients received a single half dose of Decapeptyle (1.87mg) in mid-luteal phase. In the other group, 31 patients received Buserelin daily (0.5mg), starting from previous mid-luteal phase. This was reduced to 0.25mg from gonadotropin administration day and was continued until the day of hCG injection. In these groups, the number of oocytes, the fertilization, cleavage, pregnancy and cancellation rates were compared. Results: In two groups, there was no case of cancellation due to premature LH surge. In group I, the mean number of gonadotropins was 27.5+4.2 ampoules while in the second group, it was 28.4±2.8 ampoules (P>0.05). 312 oocytes from group I and 294 oocytes from group II were retrieved. Oocyte quality in group II was better than group I (84.3% vs 77.2%, P<0.05). In long-acting GnRH-a group fertilization rate was 81.9% versus 71.1%in group II (P<0.01). However, embryo development in Group I (85.6% vs 94.1%, P<0.05) was lower than group II. Although, pregnancy rate was 20% in Group I which was higher than group II (12.6%) but, there was no significant difference in cancellation, pregnancy rate and gonadotropins dose in two groups. Conclusion: The low dose long acting GnRH-a is a useful method for pituitary suppression. Low dose GnRH-a combined with gonadotropins permitted the retrieval of good quality oocytes and had no effect on oocytes. The fertilization and pregnancy rates with this method are acceptable and its cost and tolerance is valuable for patients.}, Keywords = {Decapeptyle, GnRH agonists, Buserelin, Assisted Reproductive Technology, Infertility, Induction Ovulation}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-33}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-15-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-15-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Zarghami, Nosratollah and Khosrowbeygi, Ali}, title = {Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation as an Indirect Measure of Oxidative Stress in Seminal Plasma}, abstract ={Background: It has been proposed that oxidative stress plays an important role in male infertility. The aims of this study were to compare seminal plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2?), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total (sum of free and bound) homocysteine (tHcy) in normozoospermic vs. asthenozoospermic men, and to examine the relationships between tHcy and lipid peroxidation products. Materials and Methods: The study was a case-control study with a simple random sampling. The case group consisted of 15 asthenozoospermic males. This group was compared with 15 normozoospermic men. Seminal plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane and tHcy were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits. MDA levels were determined by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two groups. Coefficients of correlation were calculated using Spearman’s correlation analysis. All hypothesis tests were two-tailed with statistical significance assessed at the p value <0.05 level. Results: MDA levels were lower in asthenozoospermic subjects than in control subjects (0.72±0.06 µM vs. 0.40±0.06 µM; p<0.05). No differences were seen in 15-F2t-isoprostane levels in asthenozoospermic subjects and controls (65.00±3.20 pg/ml vs. 58.17±4.12 pg/ml; p>0.05). Interestingly, tHcy levels were slightly higher in asthenozoospermic subjects than in controls (6.18±1.17 µM vs. 4.8±0.52µM). Sperm motility was inversely correlated with seminal plasma 15-F2t-isoprostane and MDA levels, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Seminal plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane and tHcy showed no significant differences between normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic men. Sperm motility correlated inversely with seminal plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane and MDA. No relationship was found between tHcy and lipid peroxidation. However, higher sample size is required to confirm these findings.}, Keywords = {Seminal Plasma, 15-F2t-Isoprostane, Malondialdehyde, Homocysteine, Lipid Peroxidation, Asthenozoospermia, Normozoospermia}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {34-39}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-9-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-9-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Moini, Ashraf and Riazi, Kiarash and Amid, Vi}, title = {Endometriosis May Contribute to Oocyte Retrieval-Induced Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Report of Eight Cases}, abstract ={Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a rare complication of transvaginal oocyte retrieval. It may result in failure of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). During a 7 years period, 5958 transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrievals resulted in 10 cases of acute PID. Eight out of 10 patients were diagnosed infertile because of endometriosis. Two patients had mild ovarian, 3 had stage III, and 2 had stage IV endometriosis. One patient had a 3-4 cm ovarian endometrioma. After treatment, no mortality was encountered among the 10 patients, although none of them conceived. This observation supports the previous reports that endometriosis can raise the risk of PID after oocyte retrieval. More vigorous antibiotic prophylaxis and better vaginal preparation are recommended when oocyte pickup is performed in patients with endometriosis.}, Keywords = {Endometriosis, Oocyte Retrieval, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {40-42}, publisher = {Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={-}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-10-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijrm.ir/article-1-10-en.pdf}, journal = {International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine}, issn = {2476-4108}, eissn = {2476-3772}, year = {2004} }