Dynamic model with factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome in infertile women مدل دینامیکی با عوامل سندرم تخمدان پلی‌کیستیک در زنان نابارور 2 1 مقدمه: در پژوهشهای قبلی روشهای مختلفی برای پیشبینی بیماری برپایهی آمار یا شبکههای عصبی ارائه شده است. در این مدلها با استفاده از آمارها و نتایج حاصل از روشهای گذشته، تجزیه و تحلیل احتمالات را پیش بینی کردهاند. هدف: در این مقاله، نویسندگان به ارائه یک مدل دینامیکی با هدف پیش بینی نتایج درمان بر پایه معادله دیفرانسیل با عامل سندرم تخمدان پلیکیستیک در زنان نابارور پرداختهاند. مواد و روش ها: برای این منظور، جمعیت مطالعه را به پنج گروه تقسیم می کنیم: زنان مستعد به ناباروری، زنان مبتلا به PCOS، زنان ناباروری که تحت درمان کلومفین سیترات و گنادوتروپین قرار میگیرند، زنان نابارور تحت درمان IVF و زنان نابارور بهبود یافته. بدین منظور به مدلسازی بیماری در زنان نابارور میپردازیم و نشان میدهیم نقطه تعادل آزاد، به طور مماسی پایدار است. نتایج: همچنین نقطه تعادل دیگر سیستم مطالعه شد و نتایج نشان داد که این نقطه تعادل پایدار علامتی نمیباشد. همچنین با استفاده از قضیه استوکس ثابت میکنیم، بازگشتپذیری سیکل بیماری با عامل تخمدان پلیکیستیک در مدل زنان نابارور متناوب نمیباشد. ما این مدل را با استفاده از روش رانگ-کوتا به صورت عددی حل کرده و اطلاعات را در ‎3‎ نمودار خلاصه نموده و سپس به بررسی و مقایسه نمودارها می‌‌پردازیم. نتیجه گیری: این مطالعات نشان میدهیم که با افزایش سن، ذخیره تخمدان کاهش مییابد و درمان کلومیفن سیترات و گنادوتروپین پاسخگو نمیباشد، بنابراین با توجه به نمودارهای مدل درمان IVF در این گروه از بیماران توصیه میشود. 2 Background: Previous studies present various methods for prediction disease based on statistics or neural networks.These models use statistics and results from past procedures to provide prediction through probability analysis. Objective: In this article, the authors present a dynamic model aiming at predicting the treatment result of infertile women with the factor of polycystic ovary syndrome. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the authors have divided the study population into five groups: women prone to infertility, PCOS women, infertile women undergoing the treatment with Clomiphene Citrate and Gonadotropin, infertile women under IVF treatment, and improved infertile women. Therefore, the authors modeled the disease in infertile women mathematically and indicated that the free equilibrium point was asymptotically stable. Also the possibility of other equilibrium point of the system has been studied. Results: The authors showed that this equilibrium point was marginally stable. Using Stoke’s Theorem, the authors proved that the recurrence of the disease cycle with the factor of polycystic ovary syndrome was not intermittent in infertile women. They solved this model numerically using Rung-Kutta method and sketched the figures of the resulted solutions. Conclusion: It shows that with increasing age, the ovarian reserve is decreased and the treatment Clomiphene Citrate and Gonadotropin are not responsive, so IVF treatment is recommended in this group of patients considering the graphs of the model. 231 244 2019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/28 1398/3/7 سمیه غیاثی حافظی Somayeh Ghiasi Hafezi Department of Mathematics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran ایران محمدرضا احمدی‌زند Mohammadreza Ahmadi Zand Department of Mathematics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran ایران محمدرضا مولایی Mohammadreza Molaei Mahani Mathematical Research Center and Department of Pure Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran ایران mrmolaei@uk.ac.ir مریم افتخار Maryam Eftekhar Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran ایران Infertility Polycystic ovary syndrome In vitro fertilization Asymptotically stable Differential equation Free equilibrium point ناباروری تخمدان پلی‌کیستیک IVF به طور مماسی پایدار معادله دیفرانسیل نقطه تعادل آزاد [1] Vahidi S, Ardalan A, Mohammad K. Prevalence of primary infertility in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2004-2005. Asia Pac J Public Health 2009; 21: 287-293.##[2] Fritz MA, Speroff L. Clinical gynecologyic endocrinology and infertility. 8th Ed. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia; 2011.##[3] Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised (2003) consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 41-47.##[4] Molaei MR, Waezizadeh T, Rezaeezadeh M. A mathematical model for HAV. U.P.B. Sci Bull 2013; 75: 47-56.##[5] Diekmann O, Hessterbeek JA, Matz JA. On the definition and the computation of the basic reoroduction ratio R0 in the models for infectious diseases in hetrrogeneous populations. J Math Biol 1990; 28: 356-382.##[6] Taherian M, Toomanian M, Molaei M. Two dynamical models for cholera, Theor Biol Forum 2016; 109: 131-148.##[7] Brenan Ke, Campbell SL, Petzold LR. Numerical solution of initial value problems in differential algebraic equations. Siam, Philadelphia; 1989.##[8] Li XZ, Zhou LL. Global stability of an SEIR epidemic model with vertical transmission and saturating contact rate. Chaos, Solutions and Fractals 2009; 40: 874-884.##[9] Chern SS, Chen WH, Lam KS. Lectures on differential Geometry. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd 2000.##[10] Farkas M. Dynamical models in biology. Academic Press; 2001.##[11] Dahlquist G, Bjorck A, Anderson N. Numerical methods. Englewood Cliffs: IPrentice-Hall. Inc.; 1974.## ##

The therapeutic potential of amifostine on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular dysfunction in rats: An experimental study عملکرد درمانی آمیفوستین بر روی اختلال عملکرد بیضه ایجاد شده بوسیله سیکلوفسفامید در موش صحرایی: یک مطالعه تجربی 2 1 مقدمه: سیکلوفسفامید یک ماده ضدسرطان آلکیلیتینگ شناخته شده میباشد که در درمان تومورهای مختلف بدخیم و غیربدخیم استفاده میشود. سیکلوفسفامید همچنین میتواند باعث یکسری عوارض جانبی همانند سمیت بر روی تولیدمثل گردد. آمفوستین بهعنوان یک داروی محافظتکننده از سلول با خواص آنتیاکسیدانی شناخته میشود. هدف: هدف از انجام مطالعه بررسی اثرات احتمالی مفید آمفوستین بر روی سمیت بیضه ایجاد شده بوسیله سیکلوفسفامید در موش صحرایی بود. موارد و روش ها: در کل 35 موش صحرایی Sprague-Dawley در این مطالعه مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. حیوانات در گروه سیکلوفسفامید یک دوز منفرد 200 میلیگرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم سیکلوفسفامید در روز 8 بوسیله تزریق داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند و سپس برای 7 روز بدون درمان رها شدند. دو گروه باقیمانده حیوانات به وسیله 200 و یا 400 میلیگرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم آمیفوستین روزانه برای 7 روز قبل و بعد از تزریق سیکلوفسفامید درمان شدند. آنالیز مورفومتریکال و هیستولوژیک بافت بیضه انجام شد. تستوسترون، FSH و LH سرم بوسیله الیزا اندازهگیری شد. تعداد اسپرمهای اپیدیدیمال شمارش شد. نتایج: ارتفاع توبولار اپیتلیال در بیضه گروهی که 400 میلیگرم آمیفوستین دریافت کرد بهطور معنیداری بلندتر از گروههای دیگر بود (0/001p<). همچنین حیوانات این گروه حداقل دبریس در توبول ها را نشان دادند و هیچگونه آسیبی در سلول های سرتولی نداشتند. امتیاز جانسن در این گروه مختصرا بالاتر از گروههای دیگر بود. تعداد اسپرمهای اپیدیدیم در گروهی که سیکلوفسفامید دریافت کردند به طور معنی داری کمتر از حیوانات گروه کنترل بود و همچنین در گروههایی که 200 و 400 میلی گرم آمیفوستین دریافت کردند بهطور معنیداری بیشتر از گروه سیکلوفسفامید بود (به ترتیب 0/006 p=و 0/019p=). نتیجه گیری: آمیفوستین در دوز 400 میلی گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم دارای یک اثر محافظت کننده بر روی آسیب بیضه ایجاد شده بوسیله سیکلوفسفامید در موش صحرایی میباشد. 2 Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a well-known alkylating anticancer agent used in the treatment of various malignant and non-malignant tumors. CP may also cause a variety of adverse effects, including reproductive toxicity. Amifostine is known as a cytoprotective drug having antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the possible beneficial effects of amifostine on testicular toxicity induced by CP in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experimental study. The CP group animals received a single dose of 200 mg/kg CP on Day 8 by intraperitoneal injection and were left untreated for the following seven days. The two remaining groups of animals were treated with 200 mg/kg/day amifostine (AMF 200) and 400 mg/kg/day amifostine (AMF 400) for seven days prior to and following a single intraperitoneal injection of CP. Morphometrical analysis and histological examination of testicular tissue were performed. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were measured in serum using commercial ELISA kits. The epidydimal sperm count was determined. Results: The tubular epithelial height in the testis was significantly higher in the AMF400 group compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Animals in the AMF400 group showed minimal debris in the tubules, no Sertoli cell damage, and the Johnsen scores were slightly higher in the AMF400 group. The epididymal sperm count was significantly lower in the CP-administered animals compared to the control animals and was significantly higher in the AMF200 and AMF400 groups compared to the CP group (p = 0.006, and p = 0.019 respectively). Conclusion: Amifostine, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, may have a protective effect on testicular damage induced by CP in rats. 245 252 2019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 Coskun Kaya Coskun Kaya Department of Urology, Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey ترکیه coskun_kaya2008@ yahoo.com Ali Barbaros Baseskioglu Ali Barbaros Baseskioglu Department of Urology, Eskisehir Acibadem Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey ترکیه Semra Yigitaslan Semra Yigitaslan Department of Pharmacology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey ایران Fikriye Yasemin Ozatik Fikriye Yasemin Ozatik Department of Pharmacology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey ترکیه Orhan Ozatik Orhan Ozatik Department of Histology and Embryology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey ترکیه Sema Uslu Sema Uslu Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey ترکیه Amifostine Cyclophosphamide Rat Testis. آمیفوستین سیکلوفسفامید موش صحرایی بیضه [1] Tripathi DN, Jena GB. Astaxanthin inhibits cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide in mice germ cells. Toxicology 2008; 248: 96-103.##[2] Charak BS, Gupta R, Mandrekar P, Sheth NA, Banavali SD, Saikia TK, et al. Testicular dysfunction after cyclophosphamide-vincristine-procarbazineprednisolone chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease. A long-term follow-up study. Cancer 1990; 65:1903-1906.##https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19900501)65:9<1903::AID-CNCR2820650905>3.0.CO;2-###[3] Motawi TM, Sadik NA, Refaat A. Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamideinduced oxidative injury: an experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48: 2326-2336.##[4] Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Saba AB, Adedara IA, Olowu ER, Akinrinde AS, et al. Gallic acid protects against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in testis and epididymis of rats. Andrologia 2016; 48: 393-401.##[5] Abd El Tawab AM, Shahin NN, AbdelMohsen MM. Protective effect of Saturejamontana extract on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular injury in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 224: 196-205.##[6] Agarwal A, Saleh RA, Bedaiwy MA. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of human reproduction. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 829-843.##[7] Griveau JF, Le Lannou D. Influence of oxygen tension on reactive oxygen species production and human sperm function. Int J Androl 1997; 20: 195-200.##[8] Liu F, Li XL, Lin T, He DW, Wei GH, Liu JH, et al. The cyclophosphamide metabolite, acrolein, induces cytoskeletal changes and oxidative stress in Sertoli cells. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39: 493-500.##[9] Yigitaslan S, Ozatik O, Ozatik FY, Erol K, Sirmagul B, Baseskioglu AB. Effects of tadalafil on hemorrhagic cystitis and testicular dysfunction induced by cyclophosphamide in rats. Urol Int 2014; 93: 55-62.##[10] Block KI, Gyllenhaal C. Commentary: the pharmacological antioxidant amifostine - implications of recent research for integrative cancer care. Integr Cancer Ther 2005; 4: 329- 351.##[11] Stankiewicz A, Skrzydlewska E. Amifostine-antioxidant drug in anticancer therapy. Toxicol Mech Methods 2006; 16: 181-188.##[12] Jahnukainen K, Jahnukainen T, Salmi TT, Svechnikov K, Eksborg S, Söder O. Amifostine protects against early but not late toxic effects of doxorubicin in infant rats. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 6423-6427.##[13] Hou M, Chrysis D, Nurmio M, Parvinen M, Eksborg S, Söder O, et al. Doxorubicin induces apoptosis in germ line stem cells in the immature rat testis and amifostine cannot protect against this cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9999-10005.##[14] Vendramini V, Sasso-Cerri E, Miraglia SM. Amifostine reduces the seminiferous epithelium damage in doxorubicin-treated prepubertal rats without improving the fertility status. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8: 3-13.##[15] Lirdi LC, Stumpp T, Sasso-Cerri E, Miraglia SM. Amifostine protective effect on cisplatin-treated rat testis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291: 797-808.##16] Andrieu MN, Kurtman C, Hicsonmez A, Ozbilgin K, Eser E, Erdemli E. In vivo study to evaluate the protective effects of amifostine on radiation-induced damage of testis tissue. Oncology 2005; 69: 44-51.##[17] Johnsen SG. Testicular biopsy score count a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Hormones 1970; 1: 2-25.##[18] Weiss JF. Pharmacologic approaches to protection against radiation-induced lethality and other damage. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105: 1473-1478.##[19] Nalca AM, Kurtman C, Hicsonmez A, Ozbilgin K, Eser E, Erdemli E. In vivo study to evaluate the protective effects of amifostine on radiation-induced damage of testis tissue. Oncology 2005; 69: 44-51.##[20] Golkar-Narenji A, Berakati Z, Eimani H, Shabani F, Gourabi H. The influence of amifostine administration prior to cyclophosphamide on in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30: 939-944.##[21] Koyama H, Wada T, Nishizawa Y, Iwanaga T, Aoki Y. Cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure and its therapeutic significance in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 1977; 39: 1403-1409.##https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197704)39:4<1403::AID-CNCR2820390408>3.0.CO;2-8##[22] Savoye C, Swenberg C, Hugot S, Sy D, Sabattier R, Charlier M, et al. Thiol WR-1065 and disulphide WR-33278, two metabolites of the drug ethyol (WR-2721), protect DNA against fast neutron-induced strand breakage. Int J Radiat Biol 1997; 71: 193-202.## ##

Immediate dilation of a tight or stenotic cervix by intra-procedural administration of hyoscine butylbromide: A clinical trial تلقیح هیوسین بوتیل بروماید در سرویکس بسته و مقاوم حین پروسجور داخل رحمی برای بلافاصله باز شدن سرویکس در اعمال ژنیکولوژی 2 1 مقدمه: در موقع دیلاتاسیون دهانه رحم قبل از اقدام ژنیکولوژی گاهی به سرویکس تنگ و بسته روبرو هستیم بهویژه اگر سرویکس از قبل آماده نشده باشد مشکلاتی را ایجاد میکند. هدف:. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر تلقیح هیوسین بوتیل بروماید در بازکردن بلافاصله یک سرویکس تنگ و بسته است. موارد و روش ها: در این کارآزمایی بالینی، جمعیت ۴۰ نفر از زنان ۲۰ تا ۷۰ ساله که سرویکس در حدی بسته بود که با بوژی ۲ هم عبور نمیکرد، باز شدن آن بعد از ۱۰ دقیقه از تلقیح هیوسین در کانال سرویکس بررسی شد. نتایج: در 57/5% موارد سرویکس باز شد و بوژی ۴ بدون مقاومت عبور کرد. با آزمون t- test، اختلاف سن بین دو گروه اثر نداشت. با آزمون فیشر نشان داد که سابقه زایمان واژینال اثر معنی دار داشته است. نتیجه گیری: تلقیح هیوسین داخل کانال سرویکس در باز کردن سرویکس بسته و تنگ برای باز کردن سرویکس موثر است. 2 Background: Cervical dilation is indicated prior to performing various gynecological procedures. However, gynecologists are at times confronted with a stenotic or tight cervix, resistant to dilation. This can be problematic particularly when cervical ripening has not been attempted hours before the start of the procedure. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of administration of hyoscine butylbromide for cervical dilation for immediate dilation of the tight or stenotic cervix. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, a population of 40 women, aged 20-70 yr with stenotic cervix, evidenced by resistance to pass dilator #2 through their cervical canal were compared. Cervical patency was assessed 10 min following intracervical canal instillation of hyoscine butylbromide. Results: Cervical width of 57.5% of patients became wider, as evidenced by passage of the number 4 Hegar dilator through the cervical canal without resistance. Independent T-tests did not reveal any statistically significant difference between the two groups based on their age. Fisher Exact test revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups based on the prior route of delivery, with a more statistically significant response in patients who had vaginal deliveries. Conclusion: Intra-cervical canal instillation of hyoscine butylbromide is effective in immediate dilation of the tight or stenotic cervix during intra-uterine procedures. 253 260 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 شیوا حدادیان پور Shiva Hadadianpour Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران شهرزاد توانا Shahrzad Tavana University of Texas South West (UTSW), Dallas, Texas, USA آمریکا Shahrzad.Tavana@utexas.edu آناهیتا توانا Anahita Tavana University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Texas, USA آمریکا معصومه فلاحیان Masoumeh Fallahian Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران Hyoscine butylbromide Cervical dilatation Cervical ripening هیوسین بوتیل بروماید بازکردن سرویکس آماده‌سازی سرویکس [1] Gelber S, Sciscione A. Mechanical methods of cervical ripening and labor induction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 49: 642-657.##[2] Bradley LD. Complications in hysteroscopy: prevention, treatment, and legal risk. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 14: 409-415.##[3] Mohammadian S, Tavana A, Tavana S, Mohammadian A, Fallahian M. Cervical priming by misoprostol before diagnostic dilatation and curettage: A randomized clinica trial. J Reprod Infertil 2015; 16: 162-166.##[4] Timmons B, Akins M, Mahendroo M. Cervical remodeling during pregnancy and parturition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21: 353-361.##[5] Sirohiwal D, Dahiya K, De M. Efficacy of hyoscine-Nbutyl bromide (Buscopan) suppositories as a cervical spasmolytic agent in labour. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2005; 45: 128-129.##[6] Hadadian S, Fallahian M. Assessing the efficacy of vaginal hyoscine butyl bromide on cervical ripening prior to intrauterine procedures: A double-blinded clinical trial. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016; 14: 709-712.##[7] Samuels LA, Christie L, Roberts-Gittens B, Fletcher H, Frederick J. The effect of hyoscine butylbromide on the first stage of labour in term pregnancies. BJOG 2007; 114: 1542-1546.##[8] Hotwani J, Ainapure SS. Hyoscine Butylbromide suppositories. Indian Med Gaz 2000; 217-219.##[9] Qahtani NH, Hajeri FA. The effect of hyoscine butylbromide in shortening the first stage of labor: a double blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 7: 495-500.## ##

Effects of monosodium glutamate on apoptosis of germ cells in testicular tissue of adult rat: An experimental study تأثیر مونوسدیم گلوتامات بر آپوپتوز سلول‌های زایای بافت بیضه در رت بالغ : یک مطالعه تجربی 2 1 مقدمه: مونوسدیم گلوتامات به عنوان طعمدهنده و چاشنی غذایی مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. بعضی از مطالعات اثرات اکسیداتیو استفاده از این ماده را بر روی بافتهای مختلف گزارش کردند. هدف: این مطالعه به منظور بررسی اثر مونوسدیم گلوتامات بر آپوپتوز سلولهای زایای بیضه و فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی آن و اثر محافظتی ویتامین C بر روی بیضه انجام شد. موارد و روش ها: در این مطالعه تجربی، تعداد 24 سر رت نر بالغ به طور تصادفی به 4 گروه کنترل، گروه ویتامینC mg/kg) 150(، گروه تجربی 1 (مونوسدیم گلوتامات gr/kg 3)، گروه تجربی 2 (مونوسدیم گلوتامات gr/kg 3 + ویتامین C mg/kg150) تقسیم شدند. رتها به مدت 30 روز گاواژ و سپس قربانی شده و بیضه راست برای انجام آزمایشات بیوشیمیایی GSH و MDA و بیضه چپ برای بررسیهای بافتشناسی جدا شد. برای بررسی تعداد سلولهای آپوپتوتیک از رنگآمیزی تانل و جهت آنالیز آماری نیز از تست One way ANOVA استفاده شد. نتایج: در نتایج بدست آمده دیده شد که سلولهای آپوپتوتیک در گروه MSG درمقایسه با گروه کنترل افزایش معنیداری داشت (0/001 p=)، اما تعداد این سلولها در گروه MSG+Vit C و Vit C کاهش چشمگیری نسبت به گروه MSG نشان داد. ضخامت اپیتلیوم ژرمینال نیز در گروه MSG نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش داشت. نتیجه گیری: مونوسدیم گلوتامات میتواند منجر به تغییرات آپوپتوتیک در اپیتلیوم ژرمینال بیضه شود همچنین ویتامین C به عنوان یک آنتیاکسیدان میتواند تغییرات پاتولوژی و بیوشیمیایی ایجاد شده توسط MSG را تعدیل کند. 2 Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavoring and food seasoning. Some studies have reported the oxidative effects of using this substance on various tissues. Objective: This study has investigated the effects of MSG and the protective effect of vitamin C (vit C) on apoptosis of testicular germ cells and biochemical factors. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (received distilled water), vit C group (150 mg/kg), experimental group 1 (MSG 3 gr/kg), experimental group 2 (MSG 3 gr/kg + vit C 150 mg/kg). The rats were gavaged for 30 days, and then were sacrificed, the right testis was isolated for biochemical examinations for the glutathione, malondialdehyde, and left testis used in histological experiments. Tunnel staining was used to determine the number of apoptotic cells. Results: The results showed that apoptotic cells in the MSG group had a significant increase compared to the control group (P = 0.001), but the number of these cells in the MSG co-administered with vit C and vit C groups were significantly lower than the MSG group. Germinal epithelial thickness also decreased in MSG group compared to the control group. Conclusion: MSG can lead to increase apoptotic changes in the germinal epithelial of the testicle, and vit C as an antioxidant can modify the pathological and biochemical changes induced by MSG. 261 270 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 فاطمه رحیمی‌عنبرکه Fatemeh Anbarkeh Rahimi Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران راهله برادران Raheleh Baradaran Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران نسیبه قندی Nasibeh Ghandy Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران مهدی جلالی Mehdi Jalali Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران jalalim@mums.ac.ir محمدرضا نیکروش Mohammad Reza Nikravesh Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران محمد سوختانلو Mohammad Soukhtanloo Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران Apoptosis Monosodium glutamate Rat Testis Vitamin C آپوپتوز مونوسدیم گلوتامات رت بیضه ویتامین C [1] Walker R, Lupien JR. The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1049S-1052S.##[2] Hamza RZ, AL-Harbi MS. Monosodium glutamate induced testicular toxicity and the possible ameliorative role of vitamin E or selenium in male rats. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1: 1037-1045.##[3] Henry-Unaeze HN. Update on food safety of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG). Pathophysiology 2017; 24: 243-249.##[4] Ahluwalia P, Tewari K, Choudhary P. Studies on the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on oxidative stress in erythrocytes of adult male mice. Toxicol Lett 1996; 84: 161-165.##[5] El-Ezaby MM, Abd-El Hamide N-AH, El-Maksoud MAE, Shaheen EM, Embashi MMR. Effect of some food additives on lipid profile, kidney function and liver function of adult male albino rats. J Bas Environ Sci 2018; 5: 52-59.##[6] Sharma A. Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative kidney damage and possible mechanisms: a mini-review. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22: 93.##[7] Helal EGE, El-Sayed RAA, El-Gamal MS. Assessment of the Physiological Changes Induced by Sodium Nitrite, Annatto or Mono Sodium Glutamate in Male Albino Rats. Egyptian J Hospital Med 2017; 67: 330-335.##[8] Eweka A, Om'Iniabohs F. Histological studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate on the ovaries of adult wistar rats. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2011; 1: 37-43.##[9] Abdollahzadeh A, Kianifard D, Vafaei Saiah G. Study of the long-term and dose dependent effects of methylphenidate and monosodium glutamate on the hormonal alterations of the pituitary-testicular axis and sperm analysis in adolescence rats. Bulletin UASVM Veterinary Medicine 2017; 74: 75-81.##[10] Oforofuo IAO, Onakewhor JUE, Idaewor PE. The effect of chronic administration of MSG on the histology of the adult Wistar rat testes. Bio Res Comm 1997; 9: 30-56.##[11] Husarova V, Ostatnikova D. Monosodium glutamate toxic effects and their implications for human intake: a review. JMED Res 2013; 2013: 1-12.##[12] Iamsaard S, Sukhorum W, Samrid R, Yimdee J, Kanla P, Chaisiwamongkol K, et al. The sensitivity of male rat reproductive organs to monosodium glutamate. Acta Med Acad 2014; 43: 3-9.##[13] Sargazi Z, Nikravesh MR, Jalali M, Sadeghnia HR, Rahimi Anbarkeh F. Apoptotic effect of organophosphorus insecticide diazinon on rat ovary and protective effect of vitamin E. Iran J Toxicol 2016; 10: 37-44.##[14] Rahimi Anbarkeh F, Nikravesh MR, Jalali M, Sadeghnia HR, Sargazi Z, Mohammdzadeh L. Single dose effect of diazinon on biochemical parameters in testis tissue of adult rats and the protective effect of vitamin E. Iran J Reprod BioMed 2014; 12: 731-736.##[15] Hosseini M, Anaeigoudari A, Beheshti F, Soukhtanloo M, Nosratabadi R. Protective effect against brain tissues oxidative damage as a possible mechanism for beneficial effects of L-arginine on lipopolysaccharide induced memory impairment in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 41: 175- 181.##[16] Kondoh T, Torii K. MSG intake suppresses weight gain, fat deposition, and plasma leptin levels in male Sprague- Dawley rats. Physiol Behav 2008; 95: 135-144.##[17] Ochiogu IS, Ogwu D, Uchendu CN, Okoye CN, Ihedioha JI, Mbegbu EC. Effects of monosodium-L-glutamate administration on serum levels of reproductive hormones and cholesterol, epididymal sperm reserves and testicular histomorphology of male albino rats. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63: 125-139.##[18] Ekaluo UB, Ikpeme EV, Ibiang YB, Amaechina OS. Attenuating role of vitamin C on sperm toxicity induced by monosodium glutamate in albino rats. J Biol Sci 2013; 13: 298-301.##[19] Sakr SA, Badawy GM. Protective effect of curcumin on monosodium glutamate-induced reproductive toxicity in male albino rats. Global J Pharmacol 2013; 7: 416-422.##[20] Li HM, Gao X, Yang ML, Mei JJ, Zhang LT, Qiu XF. Effects of zuogui wan on neurocyte apoptosis and down-regulation of TGF-β1 expression in nuclei of arcuate hypothalamus of monosodium glutamate-liver regeneration rats. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 2823-2826.##[21] Pavlovic V, Cekic S, Sokolovic D, Djindjic B. Modulatory effect of monosodium glutamate on rat thymocyte proliferation and apoptosis. Bratisl Lek Listy 2006; 107: 185-191.##[22] Storto M, Sallese M, Salvatore L, Poulet R, Condorelli DF, Dell'Albani P, et al. Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat and human testis. J Endocrinol 2001; 170: 71-78.##[23] Pavlovic V, Cekic S, Kocic G, Sokolovic D, Zivkovic V. Effect of monosodium glutamate on apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bax protein level in rat thymocyte culture. Physiol Res 2007; 56: 619-626.##[24] Miglio G, Varsaldi F, Dianzani C, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G. Stimulation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors evokes calcium signals and c-jun and c-fos gene expression in human T cells. biochem pharmacol 2005; 70: 189- 199.##[25] Alalwani AD. Monosodium glutamate induced testicular lesions in rats (histological study). Middle East Fertil Soc J 2014; 19: 274-280.##[26] Meier P, Finch A, Evan G. Apoptosis in development. Nature 2000; 407: 796-801.##[27] Rajaei F, Karja NW, Agung B, Wongsrikeao P, Taniguchi M, Murakami M, et al. Analysis of DNA fragmentation of porcine embryos exposed to cryoprotectants. Reprod Domest Anim 2005; 40: 429-432.##[28] Pavlovic V, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Sokolovic D, Sarac M, Jovic Z. Ascorbic acid modulates monosodium glutamate induced cytotoxicity in rat thymus. Bratisl Lek Listy 2009; 110: 205-209.##[29] Nayanatara A, Vinodini N, Damodar G, Ahemed B, Ramaswamy C, Shabarinath M, et al. Role of ascorbic acid in monosodium glutamate mediated effect on testicular weight, sperm morphology and sperm count in rat testis. J Chin Clin Med 2008; 3: 1-5.## ##

Can brain natriuretic peptide predict cardiovascular complications in severe preeclampsia? A case-control study آیا پپتید ناتریورتیک مغزی می‌تواند عوارض قلبی-عروقی را در پره‌اکلامپسی شدید پیش‌بینی نماید؟ نتایج یک مطالعه مورد-شاهدی 2 1 مقدمه: پرهاکلامپسی یکی از شایعترین عوارض حاملگی و یکی از علل اصلی مرگ و میر مادران و جنین است. هدف: هدف مقایسه سطح سرمی پپتید ناتریورتیک مغزی BNP سرم در بیماران مبتلا به پرهاکلامپسی شدید و حاملگی طبیعی و بررسی عوارض قلبی- عروقی مرتبط با آن بود. موارد و روش ها: این مطالعه مورد-شاهدی بر روی 94 زن باردار با حاملگی تک قلویی (پرهاکلامپسی شدید و حاملگی طبیعی) در بیمارستان امام رضا (ع) مشهد انجام شد. نمونه خون وریدی برای ارزیابی سطح BNP سرم جمعآوری شد. تمام بیماران به وسیله یک متخصص قلب تحت اکوکاردیوگرافی قرار گرفتند. نتایج: میانگین سطح BNP در بیماران پرهاکلامپسی شدید و حاملگی طبیعی به ترتیب 754/52±480/36 و 106/24±67/46 پیکوگرم در دسی لیتر بود (0/001>p). با این حال، BNP تعدیل شده از نظر سن مادر و سن حاملگی در دو گروه تفاوت نداشت ( ANCOVA،0/69 p=). علاوه بر این، دو گروه مطالعه اختلاف معنیداری در پارامترهای قلب، از جمله کسر خروجی (EF)، قطر انتهای دیاستولیک و دیستولیک بطن چپ، TAPSE و نسبت سرعت جریان اولیه ترانس میترال به سرعت بافتی دیاستولیک (E/Em) نداشتند. با این حال سطح سرمی BNP ارتباط معنیداری با EF (0/008, p= 0/39r= -)، TAPSE (0/001, p= 0/47r= -)، و نسبتE/Em (0/001, p= 0/48r= ) در بیماران مبتلا به پرهاکلامپسی شدید نشان داد. نتیجه گیری: به نظر میرسد که BNP میتواند به عنوان یک پیشبینیکننده برای بعضی از شاخصهای اصلی عملکردی قلب (E/Em، EF و TAPSE) در بیماران مبتلا به پره اکلامپسی شدید مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Background: Preeclampsia is one of the most common pregnancy complications, which is one of the major causes of fetal and maternal mortality. Objective: To compare the serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) level in patients with severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy and investigate associated cardiovascular complications. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 94 women with a singleton pregnancy (severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy) at Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. The venous blood samples were collected to evaluate the serum BNP level. All patients were subjected to echocardiography performed by a single cardiologist. Results: The mean pro-BNP levels were 480.36 ± 754.52 and 67.46 ± 106.24 pg/dL in the severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy patients, respectively (p < 0.001). However, adjusted BNP for maternal and gestational age was not different in the two groups (ANCOVA, p = 0.69). Furthermore, the two study groups showed no significant difference in terms of the cardiac parameters, including ejection fraction (EF), left ventricle end-diastolic and -systolic diameters (LVEDD and LVESD, respectively), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and ratio of the early transmitral flow velocity to the early diastolic tissue velocity (E/Em). However, the serum BNP level showed a significant correlation with EF (r = -0.39, p = 0.008), TAPSE (r = -0.47, p = 0.001), and E/Em ratio (r = 0.48, p = 0.001) in patients with severe preeclampsia. Conclusion: It seems that BNP can be used as a predictor for some of the main cardiac functional indices (i.e., E/Em, EF, and TAPSE) in severe preeclampsia patients. 271 278 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 نیره قمیان Nayereh Ghomian Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران فروه وکیلیان Farveh Vakilian Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران بهرام شهری Bahram Shahri Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران وسام رستم‌نژاد Vesam Rostaminejad Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران مجید خادم‌رضاییان Majid Khadem-Rezaiyan Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران majidrezaiyan@yahoo.com Brain natriuretic peptide Echocardiography Stroke volume Preeclampsia Pregnancy پپتید ناتریورتیک مغزی اکوکاردیوگرافی حجم ضربه‌ای پره‌اکلامپسی بارداری [1] Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. Lancet 2006; 367: 1066-1074.##[2] Saucedo M, Deneux-Tharaux C, Bouvier-Colle MH, French National Experts Committee on Maternal Mortality. Ten years of confidential inquiries into maternal deaths in France, 1998-2007. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 752-760.##[3] Fatemeh T, Marziyeh G, Nayereh G, Anahita G, Samira T. Maternal and perinatal outcome in nulliparious women complicated with pregnancy hypertension. J Pak Med Assoc 2010; 60: 707-710.##[4] Creanga AA, Syverson C, Seed K, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2011- 2013. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130: 366-373.##[5] Walker JJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2000; 356: 1260-1265.##[6] Novelli GP, Valensise H, Vasapollo B, Larciprete G, Di Pierro G, Altomare F, et al. Are gestational and essential hypertension similar? Left ventricular geometry and diastolic function. Hypertens Pregnancy 2003; 22: 225-237.##[7] Simmons LA, Gillin AG, Jeremy RW. Structural and functional changes in left ventricle during normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H1627-H1633.##[8] Sibai BM, Habli M. Hypertensin disease of pregnancy. In: Gibbs R, Karlan BY, Hanay SF, Nygard I. Danforth' Sobsetetrics & Gynecology. 10th ed. Lippencat & Willksins; USA: 2008. p.258-359.##[9] James SK, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Stridsberg M, Venge P, Armstrong P, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and other risk markers for the separate prediction of mortality and subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: a global utilization of strategies to open occluded arteries (GUSTO)-IV substudy. Circulation 2003; 108: 275-281.##[10] Fazlinezhad A, Rezaeian MK, Yousefzadeh H, Ghaffarzadegan K, Khajedaluee M. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) as an indicator of left ventricular function, early outcome and mechanical complications after acute myocardial infarction. Clin Med Insights Cardiol 2011; 5: 77-83.##[11] Afshani N, Moustaqim-Barrette A, Biccard BM, Rodseth RN, Dyer RA. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptides in preeclampsia: a systematic review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 96-103.##[12] Raflic Hamad R, Larsson A, Pernow J, Bremme K, Eriksson MJ. Assessment of left ventricular structure and function in preeclapsia by echocardiography and cardiovascular biomarkers. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 2257-2264.##[13] Rafik Hamad R, Larsson A, Pernow J, Bremme K, Eriksson MJ. Assessment of left ventricular structure and function in preeclampsia by echocardiography and cardiovascular biomarkers. J Hypertension 2009; 27: 2257-2264.##[14] American college of obstetricians and gynecologists; task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists' task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 1122-1131.##[15] Resnik JL, Hong C, Resnik R, Kazanegra R, Beede J, Bhalla V, et al. Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in normal and preeclamptic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: 450-454.##[16] Bakacak M, Serin S, Ercan O, Köstü B, Bakacak Z, Kiran H. Association of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels with the severity of preeclampsia. J Maternal Fetal Neonat Med 2016; 29: 2802-2806.##[17] Fayers S, Moodley J, Naidoo DP. Cardiovascular haemodynamics in pre-eclampsia using brain naturetic peptide and tissue Doppler studies. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013; 24: 130-136.## ##

Effects of different doses of tamoxifen on the sperm parameters and chromatin quality in mice: An experimental model اثر مصرف دوزهای متفاوت تاموکسیفن بر پارامتر، ساختار کروماتین در اسپرم موش نر در مدل آزمایشی 2 1 مقدمه: داروی تاموکسیفن (TX) در درمان ناباروری ایدیوپاتیک در جنس مذکر استفاده میشود. نشان داده شده است که TX باعث افزایش تعداد اسپرم میشود و بنابراین باروری مردان را بهبود می‌بخشد. با توجه به اهمیت کیفیت کروماتین اسپرم در تمام مراحل تولیدمثل، هدف این مطالعه بررسی اثرات TX بر پارامترهای اسپرم و کیفیت کروماتین در موش میباشد. هدف: این مطالعه اثر دوزهای مختلف تاموکسیفن بر پارامترهای اسپرم و کروماتین را در موشها مورد بررسی قرار داده است. موارد و روش ها: 24 سر موش نژاد NMRI به 3 گروه شامل گروه 1 که رژیم غذایی پایه و 0/4 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم در روز، گروه دوم رژیم غذایی پایه و 6/0 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم در روز دارو دریافت کردند و گروه 3 به عنوان گروه شاهد میباشد و حیوانات به مدت 35 روز نگهداری شدند. پس از آن، اسپرم اپیدیدیم برای پارامترهای استاندارد و کیفیت کروماتین هسته با رنگ آمیزی آنیلین بلو (AB) و تولویدین بلو (TB) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که هر چند TX بر تعداد اسپرم، پارامترهای حرکتی و زنده ماندن تاثیر نمیگذارد، اما درصد سلولهای اسپرم با مورفولوژی غیرطبیعی و کروماتین غیرطبیعی در هر دو دوز را افزایش میدهد. علاوه بر این، در مقایسه با موشهای کنترل، افزایش نقص کروماتین اسپرم با ایجاد هیستون های باقی مانده (توسط رنگ آمیزی AB) در دوز بالای مصرف TX دیده شد . نتیجه گیری: دادههای تجربی ما در موش نشان داد که استفاده از TX برای درمان ناباروری مردان ممکن است میزان اسپرمها را با کروماتین غیرطبیعی به میزان وابسته به دوز افزایش دهد. 2 Background: Tamoxifen (TX) is widely used for the treatment of male factor and idiopathic infertility. It has been shown that TX induces sperm production and so improves male fertility. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of different doses of TX on the sperm parameters and chromatin quality in mice. Materials and Methods: In this research, 24 male NMRI mice were divided into three groups including group A: control animal receiving vehicle; group B: the group receiving basal diet and TX 0.4 mg/kg/day; and group C: the group receiving basal diet and TX 0.6 mg/kg/day for 35 days. Thereafter, epididymal spermatozoa were analyzed for standard parameters and nuclear chromatin quality using Aniline Blue (AB) and Toluidine Blue (TB) staining. Results: The results indicated that although the TX did not affect the sperm count, motility, and viability parameters, it could elevate the percentage of sperm cells with abnormal morphology and abnormal chromatin at both doses. In addition, in comparison with the control mice, a significant elevation was observed in spermatozoa with residual histones (assessed by AB staining) at high doses of TX. Conclusion: Our experimental data in mice suggested that the use of TX for treating male infertility might increase the rates of spermatozoa with abnormal chromatin in a dose-dependent manner. 279 286 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 سپیده صادقی Sepideh Sadeghi Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران علیرضا طالبی Ali Reza Talebi Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران prof_talebi@ssu.ac.ir عباس شاهدی Abbas Shahedi Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران محمدرضا معین Mohammad Reza Moein Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران ابوالقاسم عباسی سرچشمه Abolghasem Abbasi-sarcheshmeh Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران Tamoxifen Sperm Chromatin Mice. تاموکسیفن اسپرم کروماتین موش [1] Stephen EH, Chandra A. Updated projections of infertility in the United States: 1995-2025. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 30-34.##[2] Oehninger S, Kruger T. Male infertility: diagnosis and treatment. Taylor & Francis US; 2007.##[3] Moein MR, Tabibnejad N, Ghasemzadeh J. Beneficial effect of tamoxifen on sperm recovery in infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 2012; 44(Suppl.): 194-198.##[4] Traub AL, Thompson W. The effect of tamoxifen on spermatogenesis in subfertile men. Andrologia 1981; 13: 486-490.##[5] Huang CC, Lin DP, Tsao HM, Cheng TC, Liu CH, Lee MS. Sperm DNA fragmentation negatively correlates with velocity and fertilization rates but might not affect pregnancy rates. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 130-140.##[6] Balhorn R. A model for the structure of chromatin in mammalian sperm. J Cell Biol 1982; 93: 298-305.##[7] Talebi AR, Moein MR, Tabibnejad N, Ghasemzadeh J. Effect of varicocele on chromatin condensation and DNA integrity of ejaculated spermatozoa using cytochemical tests. Andrologia 2008; 40: 245-251.##[8] Amaral S, Oliveira PJ, Ramalho-Santos J. Diabetes and the impairment of reproductive function: possible role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008; 4: 46-54.##[9] Talebi AR, Khalili MA, Nahangi H, Abbasi A, Anvari M. Evaluation of epididymal necrospermia following experimental chronic spinal cord injury in rat 2007. Iran J Reprod Med; 5: 171-176.##[10] Talebi AR, Vahidi S, Aflatoonian A, Ghasemi N, Ghasemzadeh J, Dehghani Firoozabadi R, et al. Cytochemical evaluation of sperm chromatin and DNA integrity in couples with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions. Andrologia 2012; 44 (Suppl.):##[11] Oryan S, Parivar K, Asle Rousta M. Effect of tamoxifen on histological structure of testis in adult male wistar rats. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ Tehran Med Branch 2008; 18: 81- 84. (in Persian)##[12] Aleem M, Padwal V, Choudhari J, Balasinor N, Parte P, Gill−Sharma M. Effects of tamoxifen citrate on gene expression during nuclear chromatin condensation in male rats. Asian J Androl 2005; 7: 311-321.##[13] Motrich RD, Ponce AA, Rivero VE. Effect of tamoxifen treatment on the semen quality and fertility of the male rat. Fertil Steril 2007; 88: 452-461.##[14] Corrada Y, Arias D, Rodriguez R, Spaini E, Fava F, Gobello C. Effect of tamoxifen citrate on reproductive parameters of male dogs. Theriogenology 2004; 61: 1327-1341.##[15] Nada EA, El Taieb MA, Ibrahim HM, Al Saied AE. Efficacy of tamoxifen and l−carnitine on sperm ultrastructure and seminal oxidative stress in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Andrologia 2015; 47: 801- 810.##[16] Chua ME, Escusa KG, Luna S, Tapia LC, Dofitas B, Morales M. Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a meta−analysis. Andrology 2013; 1: 749- 757.##[17] Talebi AR, Fesahat F, Mangoli E, Ghasemzadeh J, Nayeri M, Sadeghian-Nodoshan F. Relationship between sperm protamine deficiency and apoptosis in couples with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortions. Int J Reprod BioMed (Yazd) 2016; 14: 199-204.##[18] Pathak S, Kedia-Mokashi N, Saxena M, D'Souza R, Maitra A, Parte P, et al. Effect of tamoxifen treatment on global and insulin-like growth factor 2-H19 locus-specific DNA methylation in rat spermatozoa and its association with embryo loss. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 2253-2263.##[19] Balasinor N, Gill-Sharma MK, Parte P, D'Souza S, Kedia N, Juneja HS. Effect of paternal administration of an antiestrogen, tamoxifen on embryo development in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol t2002; 190: 159-166.## ##

The effect of Saliva officinalis extract on the menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: An RCT مطالعه‌ی مداخله‌ای بررسی عصاره مریم گلی بر علائم یائسگی در زنان یائسه 2 1 مقدمه: علایم یائسگی شایع ترین مشکلات زنان یائسه میباشد. با توجه به اثرات جانبی درمان جایگزینی هورمون، استفاده از گیاهان دارویی برای درمان علائم یائسگی افزایش یافته است. هدف: هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر عصاره مریم گلی بر کاهش شدت علائم یائسگی در زنان یائسه می باشد. موارد و روش ها: این مطالعه تجربی روی 30 زن یائسه در محدوده سنی 46 تا 58 سال مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی داراب که دارای درجات مختلفی از علائم یائسگی بودند، انجام گرفت. شدت علائم یائسگی توسط مقیاس ارزیابی یائسگی (MRS) ثبت شد. شرکتکنندگان یک کپسول 100 میلیگرمی عصاره مریم گلی را به مدت چهار هفته دریافت کردند. شدت علائم یائسگی قبل و چهار هفته پس از مصرف عصاره مریم گلی مقایسه شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین شدت گرگرفتگی، تعرق شبانه، هراس، خستگی و تمرکز قبل و بعد از مصرف عصاره مریم گلی به طور معنی داری تغییر یافت. نتیجه گیری: چنین نتیجه گیری میشود که مریم گلی در تغییر برخی از علائم یائسگی در زنان یائسه مؤثر است. 2 Background: The menopausal symptoms are the most common problems in postmenopausal women. Due to the side effects of hormone replacement therapy, the use of medicinal herbs has increased for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saliva officinalis on the decreasing of the severity of the menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 30 postmenopausal women aged 46–58 yr referred to the healthcare center of Darab who experienced various degrees of postmenopausal symptoms. The severity of menopausal symptoms is recorded by a Menopause Rating Scale. Participants received a 100 mg capsule of sage extract daily for 4 wk. The severity of postmenopausal symptoms was compared before and after four weeks of the consumption of sage extract. Results: The results showed the severity of hot flashes, night sweats, panic, fatigue, and concentration had significant differences before and after the consumption of sage extract. Conclusion: It was concluded that Saliva officinalis were effective to change the severity of some of the menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. 287 292 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 Fereshteh Dadfar Fereshteh Dadfar Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. ایران Kourosh Bamdad Kourosh Bamdad Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. ایران Plant Sage Menopause Women Post menopause مریم گلی یائسگی علائم یائسگی زنان یائسه [1] Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7 ℎ Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, country;2005.##[2] Politi MC, Schleinitz MD, Col NF. Revisiting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 1507-1513.##[3] Abernethy K. The Menopause and HRT. 1 Ed. London, Philadelphia: Bailliere Tindall; 1997.##[4] Bommer S, Klein P, Suter A. First time proof of sage's tolerability and efficacy in menopausal women with hot flushes. Adv Ther 2011; 28: 490-500.##[5] Shayan A, Forouhari S, Ahmadinia H. The Effect of Body Mass Index on Sexual Function. Res J Pharm, Biol Chem Sci 2015; 6: 815-820.##[6] Berek JS. Novak's Gynaecology. 16th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.##[7] North American Menopause Society. The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of the north American menopause society. Menopause 2007; 14: 355-369.##[8] LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Johnson KC, Martin L, et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011; 305: 1305-1314.##[9] Pachman DR, Jones JM, Loprinzi CL. Management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: Current treatment options, challenges and future directions. Int J Women's Health 2010; 2: 123-127.##[10] Hickey M, Elliott J, Davison SL. Hormone replacement therapy. BMJ 2012: 344: e763. [11] Borrelli F, Ernst E. Alternative and complementary therapies for the menopause. Maturitas 2010; 66: 333-343.##[12] Gollschewski S, Kitto S, Anderson D, Lyons-Wall P. Women's perceptions and beliefs about the use of complementary and alternative medicines during menopause. Complement Ther Med 2008; 16: 163-168.##[13] Ciotta L, Stracquadanio M, Pagano I, Andò A, Valenti O, Roccasalva L. Clinical effects of treatment with phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. Minerva Ginecol 2012; 64: 15-22.##[14] Ernst E. ESCOP Monographs: The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. Focus Altern Complement Ther 2010; 15: 71-72.##[15] Prodan M, Tabra V. Research concering the increase of herb of culinary Sage through certain cultivation technologyies in the conditions of the didactic station in Temisoarna in 2007. Agri Sci 2010; 42: 115-118.##[16] kalvandi R, Alimohammadi Sh, Pashmakin Z, Rajabi M. Ehe effective of medicinal plants of Melissa officinalis and Saliva officinalis on primary dysmenorrhea. Avicenna J Clin Med 2014; 21: 105-111.##[17] Baghdari N, Akbari A, Ayati S, Emami A, Esmaeili H. Effect of powder of flaxseed on hot flashes in women at the climactrics. Iran J Obstet Gyneocol Infertil 2011; 14: 37-47.##[18] Nahidi F, Zare E, Mojab F, Alavi Majd H. The effect of Licorice root extract on hot flashes in menopause. Pajoohandeh J 2011; 16: 11-17.##[19] Enjezab B, Faraj-Khoda T, Khoshbin A, Mozaffari-khosravi H. Effect of Glycine max on hot flashes in postmenopausal women. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 2009; 17: 242-##[20] Akbar A, Tariq M, Nisa M. Pharmacological studies on Salvia haematodes Wall. Acta Tropl 1985; 42: 371-379.##[21] Karami M, Shamirani MA, Alemy SH, Gohari AR, Ehsani vostacolaee S. Comparison antinociceptive activity of the aqueous methanolic extracts of Salvia Hypoleuca and Phytolacca Americana in mice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17: 2755-2759.##[22] Sadeghi AH, Bakhshi M, Behboodi MZ, Goodarzi S,Haghani H. [Effect of sage extract on hot flashes in postmenopausal women.] Complement Med facul Nurs Midwifery 2013; 4: 324-335. (in Persian)##[23] De Leo V, Lanzetta D, Cazzavacca R, Morgante G. Treatment of neurovegetative menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent. Minerva Ginecol 1998; 50: 207-##[24] Bommer S, Klein P, Suter A. First time proof of sage's tolerability and efficacy in menopausal women with hot flushes. Adv Ther 2011; 28: 490-500.##[25] Adaay MH, Al-Dujaily SS, Khazzal FK. Effect of aqueous extract of Medicago sativa and Salvia officinalis mixture on hormonal, ovarian and uterine parameters in mature female mice. J Mater Environ Sci 2013; 4: 424-433.##[26] Gallagher J. Salvia officinalis for menopausal hot flushes: a pilot study. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2002; 7: 92-93.##[27] Vandecasteele K, Ost P, Oosterlinck W, Fonteyne V, Neve WD, Meerleer GD. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Salvia officinalis in controlling hot flashes in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation. Phytother Res 2012; 26: 208-213.##[28] Kiani rad S, Forouhari S, Samsami Dehghani A, Vafaei H, Sayadi M, Asadi M. The effect of salvia officinalis tablet on hot flashes, night sweating, and estradiol hormone in postmenopausal women. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2016; 5: 257-263.## ##

Investigating the mental health status of infertile women 2 2 The stressful experience of infertility is associated with a wide range of psychological damage (1), so infertility affects people’s mental health and all aspects of an individual’s life (2). Since women in the family are considered to be the main pillars of the community and they are also more vulnerable to illnesses, therefore consideration of their health is also very important (3). The objective of the current letter is investigating the mental health status of infertile women and its related factors as predictors of mental health in infertile women. This is a descriptive study conducted on 100 infertile women referred to the infertility treatment centers in Mazandaran province, North of Iran. The General Health Questionnaire was provided to the infertile women. The questionnaire is a self-reporting questionnaire that is used clinically to track those who are prepared for mental illness (4). Based on the findings, Total Scale of General Health Questionnaire was 33.18 ± 10.27 that was according to the cut-off point of 22, 85% of the infertile women in this study are in the disorder condition. Also, in terms of subscales: physical complaints was 8.65 ± 3.97, anxiety and insomnia was 8.69 ± 5.58, disruption of social function was 12.73 ± 3.34, and depression was 3.10 ± 3.79. The most common disorder was related to social disorder subscale and the least common subscale was related to the depression disorder. The subscales of physical symptoms and sleep disturbance and anxiety are ranked almost at one level, and they are classified between the two subscales that were already mentioned. Therefore, based on our findings and the level of women’s mental health, there is a need for a psychologist or midwifery counselor in the infertility treatment centers to improve the mental health of women. In addition, since the mental disease may also affect the outcome of the treatment, attention to the mental health of infertile women is really importance. 293 294 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 2019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/282019/05/28 1398/3/7 Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. ایران Fereshteh Yazdani Fereshteh Yazdani Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران Fereshteh_yazdani68@ yahoo.com Forouzan Elyasi Forouzan Elyasi Department of Psychiatry, Sexual and reproductive health research center , Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. ایران Mahmood Moosazadeh Mahmood Moosazadeh Health Science Research Center Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran ایران Sepideh Peyvandi Sepideh Peyvandi IVF Ward, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. ایران Keshvar Samadaee Keshvar Samadaee Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Tehran Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tehran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran ایران [1] Besharat MA, Hosseinzade Bazargani R. Comparison of mental health and sexual problems of fertile and infertile women. J Psychiatry Clin Psychol 2005; 12: 146-153.##[2] Hamzehgardeshi Z, Yazdani F, Elyasi F, Moosazadeh M, Peyvandi S, Samadaee Gelehkolaee K, et al. The efficacy of group counselling on perceived stress among infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment: An RCT. Int J Reprod BioMed 2019; 17: 57-66.##[3] Jamilian M, Rafiei M, Jamilian HR, Esmkhani F. [The comparison of general health between fertile and infertile women of Arak City in 2010.] Arak Med Uni J 2011; 14: 27-35. (in Persian)##[4] Latifnejad Roudsari R, Rasolzadeh Bidgoly M, Mousavifar N, Modarres Gharavi M. The effect of collaorative counseling on perceived infertility-related stress in infertile women undergoing IVF. Women Obstet Infertil Iran 2011; 14: 22-31.## ##