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Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis شیوع اختلال عملکرد جنسی در زنان مبتلا به سرطان: یک بررسی سیستماتیک و متاآنالیز 2 1 مقدمه: سرطان یکی از بیماری­های شایع است که پیامدهای جسمی و روانی بسیاری را به دنبال دارد. زنان مبتلا به سرطان بیشتر از زنان سالم دچار اختلال عملکرد جنسی می­شوند. هدف: مطالعه حاضر با هدف تخمین شیوع کلی اختلال عملکرد جنسی در زنان مبتلا به سرطان انجام شده است. مواد و روش ­ها: پایگاه­های بین­المللیGoogle Scholar ،Embase ،PubMed ، Web of Science وScopus  بدون محدودیت زمانی برای مقالات مرتبط جستجو شدند. در جستجو از کلمات کلیدی "نئوپلازی"، "تومور"، "سرطان"، "بدخیمی"، "شاخص عملکرد جنسی زنان "و "اختلال عملکرد جنسی زنان" استفاده شد. داده­ها با استفاده از روش متاآنالیز و مدل اثرات تصادفی در نرم افزارStata ، نسخه 14 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج: تجزیه و تحلیل 24 مقاله با حجم نمونه 5483 نشان داد که شیوع اختلال عملکرد جنسی در زنان مبتلا به سرطان (59-74 CI:، 95٪) 66% است. بیشترین و کمترین شیوع به ترتیب در آفریقا 75% و اروپا 43% بود. هیچ ارتباطی بین شیوع اختلال عملکرد جنسی و سن، اندازه نمونه، سال انتشار و کیفیت مقالات وجود نداشت. نتیجه­ گیری: اختلال عملکرد جنسی در زنان مبتلا به سرطان بسیار شیوع دارد. ارائه آموزش­های لازم برای حل این مشکل ضروری به نظر می­رسد. 2 Background: Cancer is one of the most common diseases and it has many physical and psychological consequences. Women with cancer are more likely to suffer from sexual dysfunction (SD) than healthy women. Objective: To estimate the overall prevalence of SD in women with cancer. Materials and Methods: The international databases Google Scholar, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for related articles without any time limitation. The keywords “Neoplasia”, “Tumor”, “Cancer”, “Malignancy”, “Female Sexual Function Index”, “FSFI”, and “female sexual dysfunction” along with their combinations were used in the search. Inconsistencies in the data were examined using the I2 test. The data were analyzed using the meta-analysis method and the random-effects model in the Stata software. Results: The analysis of 24 articles with a sample size of 5483 women showed that the prevalence of SD in women with cancer was 66% (95% CI: 59-74%). The highest and lowest prevalence were in Africa and Europe, respectively (75%; 95% CI: 66-83% vs. 43%; 95% CI: 26-60%, respectively). There was no relationship between the prevalence of SD and the mean age of the women, sample size, year of publication, or quality of articles. Conclusion: SD is highly prevalent in women with cancer. African and American women with cancer have a higher average FSD prevalence than Asian and European ones. 1 12 2020/11/28 1399/9/8 2021/06/28 1400/4/7 Seyedeh Esmat Hosseini Seyedeh Esmat Hosseini Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران esmat.hosseini_110@yahoo.com Mahnaz Ilkhani Mahnaz Ilkhani Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshati University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران m_ilkhani@yahoo.com Camelia Rohani Camelia Rohani Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Care Center, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Campus Ersta, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران cameliarohani@yahoo.com Alireza Nikbakht Nasrabadi Alireza Nikbakht Nasrabadi School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران nikbakht@tums.ac.ir Raza Ghanei Gheshlagh Raza Ghanei Gheshlagh Spiritual Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. ایران rezaghanei30@yahoo.com Ashraf Moini Ashraf Moini Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 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Phytotherapy of polycystic ovary syndrome: A review گیاه درمانی سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک: یک مقاله مروری 2 1 مقدمه: سندرم تخمدان پلی­کیستیک (PCOS) یک بیماری چند عاملی ناهمگون با نشانگان مختلف است که برخی از زنان را در سن باروری تحت تأثیر قرار  می­دهد. ناهنجاری­های اندوکرین و متابولیک نظیر ناباروری، اضافه وزن و چاقی، دیابت نوع 2، هیپرآندروژنیسم و افزایش هورمون LH در زنان مبتلا به این بیماری رایج می­باشد. هدف: هدف این مطالعه مروری، نشان دادن تأثیر و ظرفیت ترکیبات و مواد گیاهی و غیر­شیمیایی برای بهبود بیماری است. مواد و روش ­ها: با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی معتبر (شامل "درمان غیر­شیمیایی"، "درمان گیاهی"،" تخمدان پلی­کیستیک" و PCOS)، در دیتابیس الکترونیک شامل PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus و Reaxys اطلاعات از تمامی مقالات کسب شد و جستجوی منابع از ژانویه 2009 تا دسامبر 2019 انجام گردید. نتایج: تعداد 34 تحقیق مهم با نتایج معنادار و قابل اتکا در این بررسی تجمیع و بحث شد. موثرترین درمان­های گیاهی در مدل­های حیوانی تخمدان           پلی­کیستیک، شامل بهبود ناهنجاری­های هورمون­های استروئید جنسی سرم خون، نسبت LH :FSH، آنزیم­های استروئیدوژنز، پارامترهای قلبی-عروقی، پروفایل چربی، قند خون و سیکل استروس بود. در بیماران سندرم تخمدان پلی­کیستیک، اثرات مثبتی بخاطر کاهش در میزان تستوسترون، استروژن، LH، نسبت LH :FSH و میزان انسولین مشاهده شد. نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج این بررسی نشان­دهنده تنوع و تأثیر درمان گیاهی و غیرشیمیایی بر روی بیماری PCOS است. این یافته­ها ممکن است در مطالعات آتی علت­شناسی و درمان این سندرم بعنوان یکی از رایج­ترین علل ناباروری در زنان، راهگشا و کمک­رسان باشد. 2 Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex heterogeneous disease with various symptoms, which can affect females of reproductive age. Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities such as infertility, being over-weight or obese, type 2 diabetes, hyperandrogenism and increased luteinizing hormone (LH) are common in women with PCOS. Objective: This review aimed to assess the efficacy of non-chemical and herbal substances for PCOS recovery.  Materials and Methods: The keywords “non-chemical treatment”, “herbal treatment”, “polycystic ovary syndrome” and “PCOS” were used to search for articles in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Reaxys, published from January 2009 to December 2019. Results: 34 relevant studies were found and were briefly described in this review. The most effective herbal treatments in animal models of PCOS were to restore abnormality in serum sex steroid profile, LH: follicle stimulating hormone ratio, steroidogenic enzymes, cardiovascular parameters, lipid profile, and glucose and estrous cycles. In PCOS patients, positive effects on PCOS due to reductions in testosterone, estrogen, LH, LH: follicle stimulating hormone ratio, and insulin levels were observed. Conclusion: The results of this review revealed the variability and efficacy of phytotherapy and non-chemical treatments associated with PCOS disease. These findings may help future studies on the etiology and treatment of this syndrome. 13 20 2020/11/282020/05/9 1399/2/20 2021/06/282021/07/28 1400/5/6 Farahnaz Azin Farahnaz Azin Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. ایران f_azin@yahoo.com Homayoun Khazali Homayoun Khazali Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. ایران homkhaz2@gmail.com Polycystic ovary syndrome Endocrine disorders Phytotherapy. سندرم تخمدان پلی­کیستیک اختلالات اندوکرین گیاه درمانی. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. 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Normalizing of the oestrous cycle in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced rats with Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) pers. J Appl Nat Sci 2014; 6: 197-201.##Fatima Farzana K, Abubacker Sulaiman F, Ruckmani A, Vijayalakshmi K, Karunya Lakshmi G, Shri Ranjini S, et al. Effects of flax seeds supplementation in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015; 31: 113-119.##Kargar Jahromi H, Kargar L, Tavakol koukhdan E, Shfiei Jahromi N, Poorgholami F, Rahmanian E, et al. The effect of pomegranate juice extract on hormonal changes of female Wistar rats caused by polycystic. Biomed Pharmacol J 2015; 8: 971-977.##Poornima R, Saranya M, Bhuvaneshwari S, Averal HI. Evaluation of pregularia daemia and metformin in the treatment of PCOS in testosterone propionate induced albino wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Int J Pharma Sci Res 2015; 6: 1250-1256.##Bhuvaneshwari S, Poornima R, Averal HI. 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The effect of palm pollen extracts on polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) in rats. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2016; 5: 317-321.##Kavitha A, Babu AN, Kumar MS, Kiran SV. Evaluation of effect of commiphora wightii in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats. Pharm Tutor 2016; 4: 47-55.##Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP. The role of aloe barbadensis mill as a possible pre-conceptive herb for the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome : A rodent model study. Austin J Reprod Med Infertil 2016; 3: 1040-1048.##Reddy PS, Begum N, Mutha S, Bakshi V. Beneficial effect of curcumin in letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Asian Pac J Reprod 2016; 5: 116-122.##Suhaimi NA, Nooraain H, Nurdiana S. Effects of ficus deltoidea ethanolic leaves extract on female reproductive organs among letrozole‐induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rats. J Sci Res Dev 2016; 3: 8-14.##Zhou J, Qu F, Barry JA, Pan JX, Wang FF, Fu ZhZh, et al. 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The association between fetal renal artery indices in late pregnancy and birth weight in gestational diabetes mellitus: A cohort study ارتباط بین شاخص های شریان کلیوی جنین در اواخر بارداری و وزن هنگام تولد در دیابت بارداری: یک مطالعه کوهورت 2 1 مقدمه: تخمین وزن هنگام تولد در دیابت بارداری (GDM) و تشخیص نوزادان کوچک برای سن بارداری (SGA) به نظر به اندازه کافی دقیق نمی­باشد. هدف: هدف ما بررسی ارتباط بین شاخص‌های داپلر شریان کلیوی جنین و وزن نوزاد هنگام تولد در زنان مبتلا به GDM در اواخر بارداری بود. مواد و روش ­ها: در این مطالعه مقطعی آینده­نگر، 246 زن باردار از بیمارستان شریعتی تهران، شامل زنان مبتلا به دیابت و زنان کنترل سالم انتخاب شدند. شرکت­کنندگان در اواخر بارداری به صورت هفتگی تحت سونوگرافی داپلر قرار گرفتند تا شاخص­های داپلر شریان نافی، شریان­های میانی مغزی و کلیوی تعیین شود. شاخص­های رشد جنین شامل قطر بای پریتال، دور شکم، دور سر و طول استخوان ران نیز ثبت شد. نتایج: شاخص­های رشد جنین و وزن تخمینی جنین بین دو گروه تفاوت معنی­داری نداشت. وزن هنگام تولد در گروه GDM به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر بود   (001/0 = p). در گروه GDM شاخص­های همودینامیکی (031/0 = p)UA-RI ، (033/0 = p)UA-S/D ، (007/0 = p)RA-RI ، (032/0 = p)RA-PI و (006/0 = p) RA-S/D نسبت به گروه شاهد بطور معنی­دار بالاتر بود. در گروه GDM، یک رابطه خطی معکوس بین (014/0 = p، 221/0- = r)UA-PI (004/0 = p، 258/0- = r) UA-S/D، (018/0 = p، 213/0- = r)RA-RI ، (010/0 = p، 231/0- = r) RA-PI و (025/0 = p، 202/0- = r)      RA-S/D با وزن هنگام تولد وجود داشت. در گروه شاهد، فقط PI شریان نافی با وزن هنگام تولد همبستگی معکوس خطی داشت (027/0 = p، 199/0- = r) و ارتباط معنی­داری بین شاخص­های شریان­های کلیوی و وزن هنگام تولد مشاهده نشد. نتیجه­ گیری: استفاده از شاخص­های همودینامیکی داپلر شریان کلیه در اواخر بارداری در بیماران GDM می­تواند برای شناسایی زودتر جنین­های در معرض هایپوکسی، حتی با صدک وزنی طبیعی که در معرض خطر SGA یا IUGR هستند، مفید باشد 2 Background: Estimation of the fetal birth weight and diagnosis of small for gestational age in the fetuses of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are currently imprecise. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the association between fetal renal artery Doppler indices and neonatal birth weight in women with GDM in late pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This cohort study recruited 246 pregnant women from Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in two GDM and healthy control groups. Participants underwent weekly Doppler ultrasounds in late pregnancy period (37-40 wk) to determine the Doppler indices of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral, and renal arteries. Fetal growth indices including biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, head circumference, and femur length were also recorded and compared between two groups. Results: Fetal growth indices and estimated fetal weight were not significantly different between the two groups. Neonatal birth weight was significantly higher in the GDM group (p < 0.001). The GDM group had significantly higher renal artery indices (RI: p = 0.007, pulsatility index (PI): p = 0.032, and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D): p = 0.006) compared to the control group. Also, there was an inverse linear correlation between umbilical indices and birth weight ((PI: p = 0.014), S/D: (p = 0.004)), and between renal artery indices and birth weight ((RI: p = 0.018), PI: p = 0.010) and S/D: p = 0.025)). In the control group, only umbilical artery PI had an inverse linear correlation with birth weight (p = 0.027) and there was no correlation between renal artery indices and birth weight. Conclusion: Using Doppler hemodynamic indices of the renal artery in late pregnancy in women with GDM can be helpful for early detection of hypoxic fetuses, who are at risk of being small for gestational age or having intrauterine growth restriction, even when of normal weight. 21 28 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/15 1399/12/25 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/31 1400/3/10 Ashraf Jamal Ashraf Jamal Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران ASHJAMAL@TUMS.AC.IR Mahsa Naemi Mahsa Naemi Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران mahsanaemi@yahoo.com Laleh Eslamian Laleh Eslamian Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران leslamian@tums.ac.ir Vajiheh Marsoosi Vajiheh Marsoosi Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران vmarsos@tums.ac.ir Maryam Moghfeghi Maryam Moghfeghi Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran. ایران Moshfeghimaryam@yahoo.com Maryam Nurzadeh Maryam Nurzadeh Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران Drnurzadeh@gmail.com Taraneh Geran Taraneh Geran Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران TARANEGERAN@YAHOO.COM Marjan Ghaemi Marjan Ghaemi Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران M_GHAEMI@SINA.TUMS.AC.IR Leila Zanbagh Leila Zanbagh Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران GHAEMIMARJAN59@GMAIL.COM Fetus Gestational diabetes mellitus Infant Middle cerebral artery Renal artery Doppler ultrasound Umbilical artery.   جنین دیابت بارداری شیرخوار شریان مغزی میانی شریان کلیوی سونوگرافی داپلر شریان نافی. Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A public health perspective. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl.): S141-S146.##Zhu Y, Zhang C. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: A global perspective. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16: 7.##Farrar D, Simmonds M, Bryant M, Sheldon TA, Tuffnell D, Golder S, et al. Hyperglycaemia and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016; 354: i4694.##Fu J, Olofsson P. Relations between fetal brain-sparing circulation, oxytocin challenge test, mode of delivery and fetal outcome in growth-restricted term fetuses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 227-230.##Suranyi A, Kozinszky Z, Molnar A, Nyari T, Bito T, Pal A. Placental three-dimensional power doppler indices in mid-pregnancy and late pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33: 952-958.##James DK, Parker MJ, Smoleniec JS. Comprehensive fetal assessment with three ultrasonographic characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1486-1495.##American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (Suppl.): S13-S27.##Benzer N, Pekin AT, Yilmaz SA, Kerimoglu OS, Dogan NU, Celik C. Predictive value of second and third trimester fetal renal artery doppler indices in idiopathic oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios in low-risk pregnancies: A longitudinal study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41: 523-528.##Fatone AM, Moadel AB, Foley FW, Fleming M, Jandorf L. Urban voices: The quality-of-life experience among women of color with breast cancer. Palliat Support Care 2007; 5: 115-125.##Liu F, Liu Y, Lai YP, Gu XN, Liu DM, Yang M. Fetal hemodynamics and fetal growth indices by ultrasound in late pregnancy and birth weight in gestational diabetes mellitus. Chin Med J 2016; 129: 2109-2114.##Norton ME, Scoutt LM, Feldstein VA. Callen's ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2016.##Petersmann A, Nauck M, Muller-Wieland D, Kerner W, Muller UA, Landgraf R, et al. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2018; 126: 406-410.##Gluckman PD. The role of pituitary hormones, growth factors and insulin in the regulation of fetal growth. Oxf Rev Reprod Biol 1986; 8: 1-60.##Vyas S, Nicolaides KH, Campbell S. Renal artery flow-velocity waveforms in normal and hypoxemic fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 168-172.##Quintero-Prado R, Bugatto F, Sanchez-Martin P, Fajardo-Exposito MA, Torrejon R, Bartha JL. The influence of placental perfusion on birthweight in women with gestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 29: 32-35.##Maruotti GM, Rizzo G, Sirico A, Sarno L, Cirigliano L, Arduini D, et al. Are there any relationships between umbilical artery pulsatility index and macrosomia in fetuses of type I diabetic mothers? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27: 1776-1781.##Verburg BO, Jaddoe VW, Wladimiroff JW, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Steegers EA. Fetal hemodynamic adaptive changes related to intrauterine growth: The generation R study. Circulation 2008; 117: 649-659.##Li J, Chen YP, Dong YP, Yu CH, Lu YP, Xiao XM, et al. The impact of umbilical blood flow regulation on fetal development differs in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39: 369-377.##Leung WC, Lam H, Lee CP, Lao TT. Doppler study of the umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 534-537.## ##

The association of the betatrophin level with metabolic and inflammatory parameters in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study ارتباط بین سطح بتاتروفین و پارامترهای التهابی در زنان نابارور با سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک: یک مطالعه مورد شاهدی 2 1 مقدمه: بتاتروفین ممکن است با بیماری­های متابولیک مرتبط باشد. هدف: بررسی سطح بتاتروفین و ارتباط آن با پارامترهای متابولیکی و التهابی در بیماران نابارور PCOS و غیر PCOS کاندید IUI. مواد و روش­ ها: این مطالعه مورد شاهدی بر روی 90 زن نابارور (45 مبتلا به PCOS و 45 غیر­مبتلا به PCOS) که با روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند، در تهران انجام شد. از شرکت­کنندگان برای به دست آوردن سن، BMI، سابقه تولید­مثل مصاحبه به عمل آمد. نمونه خون وریدی بازویی ناشتا به منظور اندازه­گیری بتاتروفین، FSH، انسولین، LH، FSH، کلسترول لیپوپروتئین با چگالی کم، استرادیول و پروتئین واکنشی C در روز سوم چرخه قاعدگی گرفته شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها، از نرم­افزار SPSS 25 و آزمون­های آماری مانند آزمون t مستقل، مجذور کای و رگرسیون خطی چندگانه استفاده شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که میزان بتاتروفین در زنان مبتلا به PCOS به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از گروه شاهد بود (05/0 = p). بر اساس تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون خطی چندگانه، تأثیر پارامترهای متابولیکی و التهابی بر بتاتروفین معنی­دار نبود (05/0 > p). نتایج نشان داد که اختلاف معنی­داری بین گروه­ها در فولیکوژنز وجود ندارد (57/0 = p). نتیجه­ گیری: طبق نتایج، میزان بتاتروفین در زنان نابارور PCOS بیشتر از زنان غیر PCOS نابارور بود. بطور غیرمستقیم، ممکن است استدلال شود که ارتباط بالقوه­ای بین افزایش بتاتروفین و افزایش احتمالی بروز سندرم PCOS وجود دارد. برای بررسی نقش بتاتروفین در مقاومت به انسولین، متابولیسم چربی و اثرات آن بر نتایج درمان ناباروری، مطالعات بیشتری با اندازه نمونه بزرگتر مورد نیاز است.   2 Background: Betatrophin may be associated with metabolic diseases. Objective: To investigate the betatrophin level and its association with metabolic and inflammatory parameters in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and other infertile women during the intrauterine insemination cycle. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 90 infertile women (45 with PCOS and 45 without) chosen by convenience sampling, in the infertility clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Participants were interviewed to obtain their age, body mass index, and reproductive history. Fasting brachial venous blood samples were obtained on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle to measure the levels of betatrophin, fasting blood sugar, insulin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estradiol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Results: The results showed that the level of betatrophin in women with PCOS was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.05). Based on multiple linear regression analyses, the effects of metabolic and inflammatory parameters on betatrophin were not significant (p = 0.19). The results showed no significant difference between groups in folliculogenesis (p = 0.57). Conclusion: According to the results, betatrophin levels were higher in infertile women with PCOS than in those without. The findings suggest that there may be an association between increased betatrophin and increased incidence of PCOS. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to investigate the role of betatrophin in insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and its effects on infertility treatment outcomes. 29 36 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/16 1399/8/26 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/23 1400/4/2 Fatemeh Keikha Fatemeh Keikha Health Reproductive Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران keikha.sh@yahoo.com Ensieh Shahrokh Tehraninejad Ensieh Shahrokh Tehraninejad Health Reproductive Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران eshtehrani@yahoo.com Marzieh Rakhshkhorshid Marzieh Rakhshkhorshid Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. ایران marzieh.rakhshkhorshid@gmail.com Malihe Afiat Malihe Afiat Milad Infertility Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. ایران AfiatM@mums.ac.ir Fedyeh Hagholahi Fedyeh Hagholahi Health Reproductive Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران f.hagholahi@gmail.com Fatemeh Ghasemi Fatemeh Ghasemi Health Reproductive Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران Fatemeh.Ghasemy1398@gmail.com ANGPTL8 protein human Infertility Polycystic ovary syndrome Iran. پروتئین ANGPTL8 انسان ناباروری سندرم تخمدان پلی­کیستیک ایران. Naghi Jafarabadi M, Mosavi Vahed SH, Afiat M, Ebrahimi Z, Shiva ZS, Haghollahi F. Letrozole plus 2 different gonadotropins regimens for intrauterine insemination in polycystic ovary patients: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Women's Health Reprod Sci 2018; 6: 420-424.##Erbag G, Eroglu M, Turkon H, Sen H, Binnetoglu E, Aylanc N, et al. Relationship between betatrophin levels and metabolic parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cell Mol Biol 2016; 62: 20-24.##Calan M, Yilmaz O, Kume T, Kocabas GU, Senses PY, Senses YM, et al. Elevated circulating levels of betatrophin are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2016; 53: 271-279.##Wang H, Du L, Wu T, Yang G, Hu W, Wang H, et al. Circulating betatrophin is associated with insulin resistance in humans: Cross-sectional and interventional studies in vivo and in vitro. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 96604-96614.##Ersahin AA, Acet M, Ersahin SS, Acet T, Yardim M, Kenanoglu O, et al. Follicular fluid cerebellin and betatrophin regulate the metabolic functions of growing follicles in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2017; 44: 33-39.##Haydardedeoglu FE, Bagir GS, Haydardedeoglu B, Bozkirli E, Bakiner O, Metin K, et al. Serum betatrophin levels are reduced in patients with full-blown polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35: 224-227.##Takebayashi K, Hara K, Terasawa T, Naruse R, Suetsugu M, Tsuchiya T, et al. Serum betatrophin levels and clinical features in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9: 782-787.##Erol O, Özel MK, Ellidağ HY, Toptaş T, Derbent AU, Yılmaz N. Assessment of circulating betatrophin concentrations in lean glucose-tolerant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 37: 633-638.##Junjun HE, Honglin HU, Fang DAI. [Serum levels of betatrophin in patients with newly-diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome and its influential factors]. Anhui Med J 2018; 2: 166-170. (in Chinese)##Hassan AB, Salih ShF, Hassan II, Saadi FS, Abdulah DM, Ahmed IH, et al. Circulating betatrophin in relation to metabolic, inflammatory parameters, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13: 458-463.##Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long‐term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 41-47.##Knopfholz J, Disserol CCD, Pierin AJ, Schirr FL, Streisky L, Takito LL, et al. Validation of the friedewald formula in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cholesterol 2014; 2014: 261878.##McLeod SA. (2019, May 20). What a p-value tells you about statistical significance. Simply Psychology. Available at: www.simplypsychology.org/p-value.html.##Qu Q, Zhao D, Zhang F, Bao H, Yang Q. Serum betatrophin levels are increased and associated with insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. 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Worldwide trend analysis of primary and secondary infertility rates over past decades: A cross-sectional study تحلیل روند جهانی در میزان ناباروری اولیه و ثانویه طی دهه های گذشته: یک مطالعه مشاهده ای 2 1 مقدمه: ناباروری یک معضل بهداشت جهانی است که در دنیا آمار متفاوتی از آن گزارش شده است. هدف: این مطالعه روند طولی نرخ شیوع ناباروری اولیه و ثانویه را در بین کشورهای جهان طی دهه­های گذشته بررسی می­کند. مواد و روش ­ها: اطلاعات نرخ شیوع ناباروری اولیه و ثانویه در هر 100000 جمعیت در 195 کشور طی سال­های 1990-2017 از پایگاه داده بار جهانی بیماری (GBD) استخراج شد. روندهای طولی نرخ شیوع ناباروری اولیه و ثانویه در هفت منطقه اپیدمیولوژیک تعیین شده توسط GBD، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج: در مجموع نرخ شیوع ناباروری اولیه و ثانویه در مردان کمتر از زنان بود. با گذشت زمان، شیوع ناباروری اولیه در مردان و زنان در کشورهای با درآمد بالا روند کاهشی داشته است (نرخ 3/9- در مردان و 6/11- در زنان). در مناطق دیگر نرخ شیوع ناباروری اولیه افزایش یافته­اند، بالاترین میزان مربوط به زنان آسیای جنوبی و مردان آفریقای شمالی و خاورمیانه است (با نرخ 9/40 و 0/19 به ترتیب). طی دهه­های گذشته، شیوع ناباروری ثانویه در زنان اروپای مرکزی، اروپای شرقی و آسیای میانه (نرخ 9/16-) و همچنین مناطق با درآمد بالا (با نرخ 7/11-) در حال کاهش است. نرخ شیوع ناباروری ثانویه در مناطق دیگر در حال افزایش است، با بیشترین افزایش در مردان آفریقای شمالی و خاورمیانه (با نرخ 9/119) و جنوب آسیا (با نرخ 4/83) و هم­چنین زنان آسیای جنوبی (با نرخ 4/48). نتیجه ­گیری: براساس نتایج ما شیوع ناباروری در کشورهای با درآمد بالا و پیشرفته روند نزولی داشته و در کشورهای دیگر روند افزایشی نشان می­دهد. اگرچه ناشناخته ماندن افراد نابارور به دلیل تمایل کم برای کودک، و داشتن امکانات درمان ناباروری در این مناطق در مقایسه با مناطق دیگر، ممکن است دلایل آن باشد.   2 Background: Infertility is a global health issue and is reported differently worldwide. Objective: To assess the longitudinal trends of primary and secondary infertility prevalence rate (PSIPR) per 100000 across all countries during past decades. Materials and Methods: The PSIPR was extracted from the global burden of disease (GBD) database for 195 countries during 1993-2017. The longitudinal trends of PSIPR were explored across the seven epidemiological regions designated by GBD. Results: Globally, the PSIPR was lower among men than women. Over time, the prevalence of primary infertility in men and women had a decreasing trend of -9.3 and -11.6 in High-Income countries. Other regions have seen an increase, the highest being in South Asian women, and men of the Middle East and North Africa, with rates of 40.9 and 19.0, respectively. Over time, the secondary infertility prevalence in women of Central Asia, Central Europe and, Eastern Europe, as well as High-Income countries, has been declining, (rates of -16.9 and -11.7, respectively). Other regions have been on the rise, with the highest increase among women of Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia (trend of 119.9 and 83.4, respectively), and in South Asian men (trend of 48.4). Conclusion: The overall trend of infertility prevalence shows a downward trajectory in high-income and developed countries and an upward trend in others. These findings might be explained by missed cases of infertility due to a low tendency for reproduction and the presence of more infertility treatment facilities in these regions. 37 46 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/162020/11/28 1399/9/8 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/232021/07/11 1400/4/20 Nasrin Borumandnia Nasrin Borumandnia Urology and Nephrology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران borumand.n@gmail.com Hamid Alavi Majd Hamid Alavi Majd Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران alavimajd@gmail.com Naghmeh Khadembashi Naghmeh Khadembashi Department of Foreign Languages Education, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران nkhadembashi@gmail.com Hojat Alaii Hojat Alaii Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران hojatalaii5@gmail.com Infertility Global burden of disease Longitudinal studies. ناباروری اولیه و ثانویه مطالعه GBD تحلیل روند. GBD 2017 disease and injury incidence and prevalence collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1789-1858.##Zayed AA, El-Hadidy MA. Sexual satisfaction and self-esteem in women with primary infertility. Middle East Fertil Soc J 2020; 25: 13.##Inhorn MC. Local babies, global science: Gender, religion, and in vitro fertilization in Egypt. New York: Routledge; 2003.##Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel Sh, Stevens GA. National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: A systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001356.##Dhandapani K, Kodavanji B, Vinodini NA. Association of body mass index with primary and secondary infertility among infertile women in Mangalore: A cross-sectional study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 6: 81-84.##Martins AD, Selvam MKP, Agarwal A, Alves MG, Baskaran S. Alterations in seminal plasma proteomic profile in men with primary and secondary infertility. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 7539.##https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64434-1##Chaubey L, Singh TB, Kaithwas K, Doharey N, Peddappolla ShCh. Risk factors associated with primary and secondary infertility in eastern part of north India: A pilot study. J Commun Health Manage 2018; 5: 188-191.##Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: Potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 1506-1512.##https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem299##Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global burden of disease study 2016 (GBD 2016) results. Seattle, Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2017. Available at: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.##Wang J, Wang X. Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.##Janiszewska E, Kratz EM. Could the glycosylation analysis of seminal plasma clusterin become a novel male infertility biomarker? Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87: 515-524.##Vander Borght M, Wyns Ch. Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem 2018; 62: 2-10.##ESHRE capri workshop group. Europe the continent with the lowest fertility. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16: 590-602.##Brezina PR. Fertility treatment in the United States: The case for increased access to care. JFIV Reprod Med Genet 2015; 3: e112.##Kissin DM, Boulet ShL, Jamieson DJ, Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance and Research Team. Fertility treatments in the United States: Improving access and outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: 387-390.##Abebe MSh, Afework M, Abaynew Y. Primary and secondary infertility in Africa: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Fertil Res Pract 2020; 6: 20.##Kumar N, Singh AK. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature. J Hum Reprod Sci 2015; 8: 191-196.##Zayeri F, Talebi Ghane E, Borumandnia N. Assessing the trend of HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Asia and North Africa: An application of latent growth models. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144: 548-555.##Ibeh IN, Uraih N, Ogonar JI. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin in human male infertility in Benin City, Nigeria. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1994; 39: 208-214.##Longombe AO, Geelhoed GW. Iodine deficiency disorders and infertility in northeast Zaire. Nutrition 1997; 13: 342-343.##Mattison DR, Plowchalk DR, Meadows MJ, Al-Juburi AZ, Gandy J, Malek A. Reproductive toxicity: Male and female reproductive systems as targets for chemical injury. Med Clin North Am 1990; 74: 391-411.##Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA. Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 613-622.##Hall DR, Hanekom G. Assisted reproduction and justice: Threats to a new model in a low‐and middle‐income country. Dev World Bioeth 2020; 20: 167-171.##Chiware TM, Vermeulen N, Blondeel K, Farquharson R, Kiarie J, Lundin K, et al. IVF and other ART in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic landscape analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 27: 213-228.##Walks M. Breaking the silence: Infertility, motherhood, and queer culture. J Motherhood Initiative Res Commun Involvement 2007; 9: 130-143.##Fledderjohann J, Roberts CM. Missing men, missing infertility: The enactment of sex/gender in surveys in low-and middle-income countries. Population Horizons 2019; 15: 66-87.##Faassse MA, Niederberger CS. Epidemiologic considerations in male infertility. Parekattil SJ, Agarwal A. Male infertility. Germany: Springer; 2020.## ##

The effect of dexamethasone on uterine receptivity, mediated by the ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway, and the implantation window: An experimental study تغییر بیان ژن ها و میکرو RNA ها موثر در لانه‌گزینی با استفاده از دگزامتازون از طریق مسیر mTOR و 4EBP1 در پنجره لانه گزینی موش: یک مطالعه تجربی 2 1 مقدمه: بسیاری از مطالعات نشان داده­اند که گلوکوکورتیکوئیدها نقش مهمی در پنجره کاشت دارند. هدف: مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر دگزامتازون بر میزان پذیرش آندومتر انجام شد. مواد و روش­ ها: در روزهای 4 و 5 بارداری، موش­ها تحت درمان­های اولیه قرار گرفتند و در روز 5 بارداری پس از آخرین تزریق کشته شدند. نمونه‌ها در 4 گروه به­طوریکه در هر گروه 10 موش قرار گرفتند. گروه کنترل، گروه دریافت­کننده دگزامتازون، گروه دریافت­کننده مهار­کننده mTOR، گروه گیرنده دگزامتازون و   مهار­کننده mTOR. اپیتلیوم آندومتر رحم موش تراش داده شدند و برای اندازه­گیری بیان ژن­هایHAND2 ،MSX-1 ، HB-EGF و میکرو RNA های miRNA let7a ،miRNA 145 ، miRNA 451 از روش Real Time Pcr و همچنین بیان پروتئین mTOR و 4E‐BP1 از روش وسترن بلات استفاده شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که بیانMsx.1 ،HAND2 ، HB-EGF، miR-451 و miR-Let-7a به طور معنی­داری در آندومتر در گروه دریافت­کننده دگزامتازون نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش یافته است، در حالی که بیان miR-145 در آندومتر افزایش را نشان داد. علاوه بر این، در گروه مهار­کننده mTOR، میزان بیانMsx.1 ،HAND2 ،HB-EGF ، miR451 و miR-Let-7a را کاهش را نشان داد، در حالی که در گروه مهار­کننده mTOR، میزان بیان miR-145 افزایش داشت. نتیجه ­گیری: به نظر می­رسد که دگزامتازون از طریق تغییر ژن­های خاص که در پذیرش آندومتر موثر هستند، می­تواند در طی دوره لانه­گزینی، میزان پذیرش رحم را کاهش دهد. علاوه بر این، مسیر mTOR به ظاهر نقش اساسی در پذیرش آندومتر نشان داد.   2 Background: The role of glucocorticoids in implantation has been demonstrated. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on endometrial receptivity. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 BALB/c female mice aged eight wk old weighing approximately 25.0 ± 1.4 gr were used. The mice were divided into four groups (n = 10/each) of control, dexamethasone (100 μg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (PP242) (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), and dexamethasone and PP242. The endometrial epithelium of the mouse was separated to measure messenger RNA expression of heart and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 (HAND2), Msh homeobox 1 (Msx-1), heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), microRNA (miRNA) Let‐7a, miRNA-145 and miRNA-451, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Also, protein expression of mammalian mTOR and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein1 (4E-BP1) was measured using western blot. Results: The results revealed that the expression of Msx-1, HAND2, HB-EGF, miRNA-451, and miRNA-Let-7a was significantly decreased in the endometrium in the dexamethasone group compared to the control, while the expression of miRNA-145 in the endometrium was up-regulated. Additionally, the administration of PP242, known as an inhibitor of mTOR, was associated with significantly reduced expression of Msx-1, HAND2, HB-EGF, miRNA-451, and miRNA-Let-7a, while PP242 induced messenger RNA expression of miRNA-145. Conclusion: It appears that dexamethasone can diminish uterine receptivity during the implantation period, at least to some extent, through the alteration of particular genes that impact endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, the mTOR pathway seemingly showed an essential role in endometrial receptivity. 47 58 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/162020/11/282020/06/20 1399/3/31 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/232021/07/112021/08/1 1400/5/10 Behrooz Niknafs Behrooz Niknafs Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ایران niknafsbeh@yahoo.com Naser Shokrzadeh Naser Shokrzadeh Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. ایران dr.naser1983@gmail.com Mohammad Reza Alivand Mohammad Reza Alivand Department of Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ایران Mohammad Bakhtiar Hesam Shariati Mohammad Bakhtiar Hesam Shariati Department of Anatomical Sciences and Histology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. ایران b.hesamshariati@gmail.com Endometrial receptivity Dexamethasone HB-EGF MSX-1 mTOR Mouse. پذیرش آندومتر دگزامتازون HB-EGF MSX-1 mTOR. 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The antiproliferative action of progesterone in uterine epithelium is mediated by Hand2. Science 2011; 331: 912-916.##Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK. Mechanisms of implantation: Strategies for successful pregnancy. Nat Med 2012; 18: 1754-1767.##Chen Ch, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Li R, Qiao J. MiR-125b regulates endometrial receptivity by targeting MMP26 in women undergoing IVF-ET with elevated progesterone on HCG priming day. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 25302.##Kang YJ, Lees M, Matthews LC, Kimber SJ, Forbes K, Aplin JD. miR-145 suppresses embryo-epithelial juxtacrine communication at implantation by modulating maternal IGF1R. J Cell Sci 2015; 128: 804-814.##https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.122945##Hull ML, Nisenblat V. Tissue and circulating microRNA influence reproductive function in endometrial disease. Reprod Biomed Online 2013; 27: 515-529.##Cheong AWY, Pang RTK, Liu WM, Kottawatta KSA, Lee KF, Yeung WSB. MicroRNA Let-7a and dicer are important in the activation and implantation of delayed implanting mouse embryos. 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Reproduction 2011; 142: 353-368.##Hesam Shariati MB, Majdi Seghinsara A, Shokrzadeh N, Niknafs B. The effect of fludrocortisone on the uterine receptivity partially mediated by ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234: 20098-20110.##Inyawilert W, Fu TY, Lin CT, Tang PC. Let-7-mediated suppression of mucin 1 expression in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61: 138-144.##Friedman RC, Farh KKH, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 2009; 19: 92-105.##Gur Ch, Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Arnon J, Ornoy A. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to corticosteroids: A prospective controlled study. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18: 93-101.##Li R, Qiao J, Wang L, Li L, Zhen X, Liu P, et al. MicroRNA array and microarray evaluation of endometrial receptivity in patients with high serum progesterone levels on the day of hCG administration. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9: 29.##Nothnick WB, Healy C, Hong X. Steroidal regulation of uterine miRNAs is associated with modulation of the miRNA biogenesis components Exportin-5 and Dicer1. Endocrine 2010; 37: 265-273.##Li Z, Jia J, Gou J, Zhao X, Yi T. MicroRNA-451 plays a role in murine embryo implantation through targeting Ankrd46, as implicated by a microarray-based analysis. Fertil Steril 2015; 103: 834-844.##Revel A, Achache H, Stevens J, Smith Y, Reich R. MicroRNAs are associated with human embryo implantation defects. Hum Reprod 2011; 26: 2830-2840.##Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Maeda M, Oshiro N, Hara K, Edenhofer F, et al. mTOR is essential for growth and proliferation in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 6710-6718.##Wang Y, Zhu L, Kuokkanen S, Pollard JW. Activation of protein synthesis in mouse uterine epithelial cells by estradiol-17β is mediated by a PKC-ERK1/2-mTOR signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2015; 112: E1382-1391.## ##

Right-side inguinal canal endometriosis at ultrasound: A case report آندومتریوزیس کانال اینگوینال سمت راست درسونوگرافی: یک گزارش مورد 2 1 مقدمه: اولین بیمار آندومتریوز اینگوینال توسط کالن در سال 1896 توضیح داده شد. آندومتریوز لیگامان راند می­تواند در ناحیه لگن یا اینگوینال باشد. آندومتریوز اینگوینال یک مشکل بالینی نادر است که فقط در 6/0٪ از بیماران اتفاق می­افتد. بیماران مبتلا به آندومتریوز اینگوینال به­ویژه در دوره­های قاعدگی از توده دردناک اینگوینال شکایت دارند و بیشتر آنها سابقه جراحی دارند. درگیری آندومتریوزیس اینگوینال در سمت راست معمولاً از سمت چپ شایع­تر است (94-90%)، بیماران مبتلا به آندومتریوز اینگوینال ممکن است سابقه جراحی لگن یا شکم داشته باشند. مورد: در مطالعه ما، بیمار سابقه جراحی قبلی نداشت و سونوگرافی شکم توده هایپوکوئیک با واسکولاریتی پایین را نشان داد. که قبل از عمل توسط دو متخصص رادیولوژی, آندومتریوز اینگوینال به درستی تشخیص داده شد و بیمار تحت عمل جراحی لاپاراسکوپی قرار گرفت. نتیجه­ گیری: توجه به آندومتریوز اینگوینال در تشخیص افتراقی بیماران با توده اینگوینال مهم است، حتی اگر سابقه جراحی زنان یا شکم وجود نداشته باشد.   2 Background: The first case of inguinal endometriosis was described by Cullen. Endometriosis in the round ligament could be in the pelvic or inguinal area and is a rare disease occurring in 0.6% of women. Women with inguinal endometriosis have a painful inguinal mass during menstrual cycles and they mostly have a history of surgery. The right side is more commonly involved in inguinal endometriosis than the left side (90-94%). A history of gynecologic or abdominal surgery is common in women with inguinal endometriosis. Case presentation: In our case, a 39-yr-old virgin woman presented with localized pain in the right inguinal that had been present for 4 yr. She did not have any history of previous surgery, and abdominal ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic mass with minimal vascularity. Inguinal endometriosis was correctly diagnosed by two expert radiologists preoperatively, and she underwent laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion: Considering inguinal endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of women with inguinal masses is important, even if there is no history of gynecologic or abdominal surgery.   59 64 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/162020/11/282020/06/202021/04/11 1400/1/22 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/232021/07/112021/08/12021/11/1 1400/8/10 Abolfazl Mehdizadeh Abolfazl Mehdizadeh Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران amehdizadehkashi@yahoo.com Shahla Chaichian Shahla Chaichian Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Tehran, Iran. ایران shchaichian@gmail.com Shahla Mirgaloybayat Shahla Mirgaloybayat Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران dr.sh.bayat@gmail.com Samaneh Rokhgireh Samaneh Rokhgireh Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران s.rokhgireh@gmail.com Kobra Tahermanesh Kobra Tahermanesh Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران dr,floratary@gmail.com Maryam Kadivar Maryam Kadivar Department of Pathology, Hazrat-e-Rasool Akram General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران Dmkadivar@gmail.com Farahnaz Farzaneh Farahnaz Farzaneh Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران Farahnaz1826@yahoo.com Endometriosis Inguinal Ultrasound Case report. آندومتریوز اینگوینال سونوگرافی گزارش موردی. Arakawa T, Hirata T, Koga K, Neriishi K, Fukuda Sh, Ma S, et al. Clinical aspects and management of inguinal endometriosis: A case series of 20 patients. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45: 2029-2036.##Niitsu H, Tsumura H, Kanehiro T, Yamaoka H, Taogoshi H, Murao N. Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment for inguinal endometriosis in young women of reproductive age. Dig Surg 2019; 36: 166-172.##Wolfhagen N, Simons NE, de Jong KH, van Kesteren PJM, Simons MP. Inguinal endometriosis, a rare entity of which surgeons should be aware: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of nine cases. Hernia 2018; 22: 881-886.##Fujikawa H, Uehara Y. Inguinal endometriosis: An unusual cause of groin pain. Balkan Med J 2020; 37: 291-292.##Andres MP, Arcoverde FVL, Souza CCC, Fernandes LFC, Simões Abrão M, Kho RM. Extrapelvic endometriosis: A systematic review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 27: 373-389.##Nagama T, Kakudo N, Fukui M, Yamauchi T, Mitsui T, Kusumoto K. Heterotopic endometriosis in the inguinal region: A case report and literature review. Eplasty 2019; 19: ic19.##HerniaSurge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia 2018; 22: 1-165.##Lim MCh, Choi JY, Lee DO, Yoo JW, Park SY, Seo SS. Inguinal endometriosis connected to intraperitoneal round ligament: Complete excision with extraperitoneal wide dissection. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 51: 1533-1538.##Behnoud N, Rezaei R, Esform E, Farzaneh F. The relationship between endometrial thickness and endometrial pattern with pregnancy rate based on positive serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 2019; 7: 400-403.##Sun ZhJ, Zhu L, Lang JH. A rare extrapelvic endometriosis: Inguinal endometriosis. J Reprod Med 2010; 55: 62-66.## ##

A neglected critical time to prevent maternal and offspring's adverse outcomes: The preconception period 2 2 At the time of conception, a healthy woman can increase the chances of a successful pregnancy and have a healthy child. But the health of women around the time of conception is an important topic that has been neglected. Now national and international health agencies are paying more attention to this topic. Life-course epidemiology provides a valuable perspective to study the influential factors around conception and potential long-term and latent impacts on the mother’s, fetus’, and child’s health (1). For example, two to three months before and after conception is crucial because of their importance in gamete function and placental development. Therefore, sharper attention to the preconception period can improve mother and child health (2). 65 67 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/162020/11/282020/06/202021/04/112021/05/31 1400/3/10 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/232021/07/112021/08/12021/11/12021/12/11 1400/9/20 Mojtaba Keikha Mojtaba Keikha Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran. ایران mr.mojtabakeikha@gmail.com Shayesteh Jahanfar Shayesteh Jahanfar Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA. آمریکا Shayesteh.Jahanfar@tufts.edu Zeinab Hemati Zeinab Hemati Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Nursing, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. ایران z.hemate@gmail.com Preconception pregnancy Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 285-293.##Stephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J, Schoenaker DAJM, Hutchinson J, Cade JE, et al. Before the beginning: Nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health. Lancet 2018; 39: 1830-1841.##Tydén T. Why is preconception health and care important? Ups J Med Sci 2016; 121: 207.##Hill B, Hall J, Skouteris H, Currie S. Defining preconception: Exploring the concept of a preconception population. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20: 280.##Reichetzeder Ch, Putra SED, Li J, Hocher B. Developmental origins of disease-crisis precipitates change. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 39: 919-938.##Shawe J, Patel D, Joy M, Howden B, Barrett G, Stephenson J. Preparation for fatherhood: A survey of men's preconception health knowledge and behaviour in England. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0213897.##O'Brien AP, Hurley J, Linsley P, McNeil KA, Fletcher R, Aitken JR. Men's preconception health: A primary health-care viewpoint. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12: 1575-1581.##Robledo CA, Yeung E, Mendola P, Sundaram R, Maisog J, Sweeney AM, et al. Preconception maternal and paternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and birth size: The LIFE study. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123: 88-94.##Zhang Y, Mustieles V, Yland J, Braun JM, Williams PL, Attaman JA, et al. Association of parental preconception exposure to phthalates and phthalate substitutes with preterm birth. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3: e202159.##Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, Cordero JF, Atrash HK, Parker ChS, et al. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care--United States. A report of the CDC/ATSDR preconception care work group and the select panel on preconception care. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55: 1-23.## ##

Correction to “Effect of vitamin D insufficiency treatment on fertility outcomes in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: A randomized clinical trial” [Iran J Reprod Med 2014; 12: 595-600] 2 2 The authors have been informed that some errors occurred on their published article entitled "Effect of vitamin D insufficiency treatment on fertility outcomes in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: A randomized clinical trial" [Iran J Reprod Med 2014; 12: 595-600] in the time of study and the tables which do not affect the article's conclusion. The completion date of the investigation was changed from April 2014 to February 2014. Also, the study results were re-analyzed, and some minor modifications were made in the numbers mentioned in the tables without affecting the overall meaning and concept of the study. The author's wishe to apologize for these errors. The online version of the article has been updated on 12 June 2017 and can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v17i12.5801 68 68 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/162020/11/282020/06/202021/04/112021/05/312022/02/11 1400/11/22 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/232021/07/112021/08/12021/11/12021/12/112022/01/30 1400/11/10 Abbas Aflatoonian Abbas Aflatoonian Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران Farideh Arabjahvani Farideh Arabjahvani Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران f_arabjahvani@yahoo.com Maryam Eftekhar Maryam Eftekhar Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران Mozhgan Sayadi Mozhgan Sayadi Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران vitamin D treatment frozen-thawed ## ##

Correction to “Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on IVF outcomes in infertile women: An RCT” [Int J Reprod BioMed 2016; 14: 341-346] 2 2 The authors of article entitled " Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on IVF outcomes in infertile women: An RCT" requested some corrections in their article due to re-analyze their data. The authors reviewed the data and confirmed the critical but inadvertent statistical analysis errors which had occurred during research. As the authors explain in their letter to the editor, the errors are listed as:   The Mann-Whitney test has been added in statistical analysis section. Some numbers in tables has been changed and statistical tests has been revised. One of the readers of the article informed the corresponding author that there seems to be a number of errors in presenting data, so the authors re-analyzed the data and due to the selection of an inappropriate statistical test, some numbers were incorrect. The corrected article has been provided with corrections to the paper; and relevant tables. The authors have confirmed that there are no other errors. The corrected article has been reviewed by our editorial team, and we have confirmed that the overall conclusion has not been changed as stated in the updated article available at: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.18502/ijrm.v17i12.5795 (updated on August 29, 2021). 70 70 2020/11/282020/05/92021/03/152020/11/162020/11/282020/06/202021/04/112021/05/312022/02/112022/02/11 1400/11/22 2021/06/282021/07/282021/05/312021/06/232021/07/112021/08/12021/11/12021/12/112022/01/302022/01/30 1400/11/10 Maryam Eftekhar Maryam Eftekhar Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران Robabe Hosseinisadat Robabe Hosseinisadat Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. ایران robabehosseinisadat@yahoo.com Ramesh Baradaran Ramesh Baradaran Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران Elham Naghshineh Elham Naghshineh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. ایران granulocyte granulocyte ## ##