Effects of vitamin E on ovarian tissue of rats following treatment with p-nonylphenol: A stereological study 2 2 Background: Para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) is one of the environmental pollutants which cause reproductive system disorders. Objective: The effects of vitamin E on ovary structure during its development in rats treated with p-NP. Materials and Methods: 32 Wistar female rats after mating were divided into 4 groups; control vitamin E (100mg/kg/day) p-NP (250mg/kg/day) and p-NP + vitamin E. The rats were treated from the day 7 of pregnancy till 21st day of postnatal through sucking period. After weaning the female pups were treated by gavages for 120 days. The total volume of ovary number of follicles volume of oocyte follicular cells and their nuclei and the thickness of zona pellucida were estimated stereologically. The results were analyzed using one way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The ovary weight, mean total volume of ovary and cortex, number of antral and graafian follicles and body weight were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the p-NP treated rats compared to control and other groups, while the number of atretic follicles was increased significantly (p<0.05). A significant reduction (p<0.05) in volume of oocyte, follicular cells and their nuclei in antral and graafian follicles was found in p-NP group. In addition, treatment with only vitamin E showed an improving effect on folliculogenesis due to a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in the number of primordial follicles. Conclusion: Vitamin E could compensate the adverse effects of p-NP on the ovary structure during its development. 1 9 2017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/5 1396/7/13 Malek Soleimani Mehranjani Malek Soleimani Mehranjani Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran m-soleimani@araku.ac.ir Ali Noorafshan Ali Noorafshan Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ahmad Hamta Ahmad Hamta Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Hamid Reza Momeni Hamid Reza Momeni Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Mohammad Hussein Abnosi Mohammad Hussein Abnosi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Monireh Mahmoodi Monireh Mahmoodi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Morteza Anvari Morteza Anvari Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Maryam Hazaveh Maryam Hazaveh Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Ovary p-Nonylphenol Rat Stereology Vitamin E. Kyselova V, Peknicova J, Buckiova D, Boubelik M. Effects of p-nonylphenol and resveratrol on body and organ weight and in vivo fertility of outbreed CD-1 mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1: 30.##Kimura N, Kimura T, Suzuki M, Totsukawa K. Effect of gestational exposure to nonylphenol on the development and fertility of mouse offspring. J Reprod Dev 2006; 52: 789-795.##Mehranjani MS, Noorafshan A, Momeni HR, Abnosi MH, Mahmoodi M, Anvari M, et al. Stereological study of the effects of vitamin E on testis structure in rats treated with para-nonylphenol. Asian J Androl 2009; 11: 508-516.##Lee HJ, Chattopadhyay S, Gong EY, Ahn RS, Lee K. Antiandrogenic effects of bisphenol A and nonylphenol on the function of androgen receptor. Toxicol Sci 2003; 75: 40-46.##Han XD, Tu ZG, Gong Y, Shen SN, Wang XY, Kang LN, et al. The toxic effects of nonylphenol on the reproductive system of male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 19: 215-221.##Vazquez-Duhalt R, Marquez-Rocha F, Ponce E, Licea AF, Viana MT. Nonylphenol, an integrated vision of a pollutant. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 2005; 4: 1-25.##Murray TJ, Lea RG, Abramovich DR, Haites NE, Fowler PA. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on human male reproductive health. Early Pregnancy 2001; 5: 80-112.##Chitra KC, Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP. Effect of nonylphenol on the antioxidant system in epididymal sperm of rats. Arch Toxicol 2002; 76: 545-551.##Murdoch WJ. Inhibition by oestradiol of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in pig ovarian tissues. J Reprod Fertil 1998; 114: 127-130.##Cunny HC, Mayes BA, Rosica KA, Trutter JA, Van Miller JP. Subchronic toxicity (90-day) study with para-nonylphenol in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1997; 26: 172-178.##Kim HS, Shin JH, Moon HJ, Kang IH, Kim TS, Kim IY, et al. Comparative estrogenic effects of p-nonylphenol by 3-day uterotrophic assay and female pubertal onset assay. Reprod Toxicol 2002; 16: 259-268.##Chapin RE, Delaney J, Wang Y, Lanning L, Davis B, Collins B, et al. The effects of 4-nonylphenol in rats: a multigeneration reproduction study. Toxicol Sci 1999; 52: 80-91.##De Jager C, Bornman MS, van der Horst G. The effect of p-nonylphenol, an environmental toxicant with oestrogenic properties, on fertility potential in adult male rats. Andrologia 1999; 31: 99-106.##Zadak Z, Hyspler R, Ticha A, Hronek M, Fikrova P, Rathouska J, et al. Antioxidants and vitamins in clinical conditions. Physiol Res 2009; 58 Suppl 1: S13-17.##Traber MG, Atkinson J. Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43: 4-15.##Guney M, Demirin H, Oral B, Ozguner M, Bayhan G, Altuntas I. Ovarian toxicity in rats caused by methidathion and ameliorating effect of vitamins E and C. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26: 491-498.##Ranjit N, Siefert K, Padmanabhan V. Bisphenol-A and disparities in birth outcomes: a review and directions for future research. J Perinatol 2009: 1-8.##Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Freire C, Arrebola JP, Navea N, Taoufiki J, Fernandez MF, et al. Nonylphenol and octylphenol in adipose tissue of women in Southern Spain. Chemosphere 2009; 76: 847-852.##Massart F, Harrell JC, Federico G, Saggese G. Human breast milk and xenoestrogen exposure: a possible impact on human health. J Perinatol 2005; 25: 282-288.##Nagao T, Saito Y, Usumi K, Nakagomi M, Yoshimura S, Ono H. Disruption of the reproductive system and reproductive performance by administration of nonylphenol to newborn rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000; 19: 284-296.##Soto AM, Justicia H, Wray JW, Sonnenschein C. p-Nonyl-phenol: an estrogenic xenobiotic released from "modified" polystyrene. Environ Health Perspect 1991; 92: 167-173.##Howard C, Reed M. Unbiased stereology: three-dimentional measurement in microscopy. United Kingdom: Bios Scientific Publishers; 1998.##Mouton PR. Principles and practices of unbiased stereology: An introduction for bioscientists. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2002.##Myers M, Britt KL, Wreford NG, Ebling FJ, Kerr JB. Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary. Reproduction 2004; 127: 569-580.##Wang Y, Newton H, Spaliviero JA, Allan CM, Marshan B, Handelsman DJ, et al. Gonadotropin control of inhibin secretion and the relationship to follicle type and number in the hpg mouse. Biol Reprod 2005; 73: 610-618.##Calado AM, Rocha E, Colaco A, Sousa M. Stereologic characterization of bovine (Bos taurus) cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from small antral follicles during the diestrous phase. Biol Reprod 2001; 65: 1383-1391.##Ferrando RE, Nyengaard JR, Hays SR, Fahy JV, Woodruff PG. Applying stereology to measure thickness of the basement membrane zone in bronchial biopsy specimens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 1243-1245.##Tyl RW, Myers CB, Marr MC, Thomas BF, Keimowitz AR, Brine DR, et al. Three-generation reproductive toxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in CD Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2002; 68: 121-146.##Nagao T, Wada K, Marumo H, Yoshimura S, Ono H. Reproductive effects of nonylphenol in rats after gavage administration: a two-generation study. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15: 293-315.##Biegel LB, Cook JC, Hurtt ME, O'Connor JC. Effects of 17 beta-estradiol on serum hormone concentrations and estrous cycle in female Crl:CD BR rats: effects on parental and first generation rats. Toxicol Sci 1998; 44: 143-154.##Tilly JL, Tilly KI. Inhibitors of oxidative stress mimic the ability of follicle-stimulating hormone to suppress apoptosis in cultured rat ovarian follicles. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 242-252.##Nestorovic N, Lovren M, Sekulic M, Negic N, Sosic-Jurjevic B, Filipovic B, et al. Chronic somatostatin treatment affects pituitary gonadotrophs, ovaries and onset of puberty in rats. Life Sci 2004; 74: 1359-1373.##Umeda F, Kato K, Muta K, Ibayashi H. Effect of vitamin E on function of pituitary-gonadal axis in male rats and human subjects. Endocrinol Jpn 1982; 29: 287-292.##Karanth S, Yu WH, Mastronardi CA, McCann SM. Vitamin E stimulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and ascorbic acid release from medial basal hypothalami of adult male rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228: 779-785.##Janqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic histology. New York: lange; 2003.##Zhang X, Yang F, Cai YQ, Xu Y. Oxidative damage in unfertilized eggs of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to nonylphenol. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008; 27: 213-219.##Pocar P, Augustin R, Gandolfi F, Fischer B. Toxic effects of in vitro exposure to p-tert-octylphenol on bovine oocyte maturation and developmental competence. Biol Reprod 2003; 69: 462-468.##Turner KJ, Sharpe RM. Environmental oestrogens--present understanding. Rev Reprod 1997; 2: 69-73.##Zha J, Wang Z, Wang N, Ingersoll C. Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol. Chemosphere 2007; 66: 488-495.##Ferguson SA, Flynn KM, Delclos KB, Newbold RR. Maternal and offspring toxicity but few sexually dimorphic behavioral alterations result from nonylphenol exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2000; 22: 583-591.##Cooper S, Latendresse JR, Doerge DR, Twaddle NC, Fu X, Delclos KB. Dietary modulation of p-nonylphenol-induced polycystic kidneys in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91: 631-642.##Nagao T, Yoshimura S, Saito Y, Nakagomi M, Usumi K, Ono H. Reproductive effects in male and female rats from neonatal exposure to p-octylphenol. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15: 683-692.##Latchoumycandane C, Mathur PP. Effects of vitamin E on reactive oxygen species-mediated 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin toxicity in rat testis. J Appl Toxicol 2002; 22: 345-351.## ##

A new sperm agglutinin factor from marine snail Telescopium telescopium: An evaluation with goat (Capra hircus) cauda epididymal spermatozoa 2 2 Background: Lectins, the multivalent carbohydrate binding proteins are also employed to ascertain differentiation and characterization of the specific cell surface carbohydrate ligands/ receptors of different cell types including spermatozoa and posses novel biomedical importance. Objective: SF50, the sialic acid specific lectin, was employed on goat cauda epididymal spermatozoa to investigate its effect(s) on the physiology of sperm cells if any. Materials and Methods: A protein factor, SF50 was obtained from spermatheca/ ovotestis gland of marine snail Telescopium telescopium by precipitation with 50% ammonium sulfate. Different concentrations of SF50 and Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as control were added with washed goat cauda epididymal spermatozoa and observed immediately and after 20 s and 60 s of incubation. Results: SF50 treated sperm cells exhibited head-to-head type agglutination. The degree of agglutination varied (p<0.001) with the concentration of SF50 used. Agglutinability of spermatozoa were significantly higher (p<0.001) with higher concentration of SF50 as well as incubation period had significant influence (p<0.001) on the number of agglutinated spermatozoa. Agglutination and immobilization of spermatozoa occurred instantly with higher doses of SF50 that of lower doses. Spermatozoan immobilization was irreversible. Conclusion: Experiment demonstrates sperm surface components altered when the cells were incubated with SF50 and their plasma membrane is heterogeneous in nature. Therefore, it could be that, SF50 binding protein(s) plausibly remain in the acrosomal region. This observation may prove useful to correlate changes in the sperm surface during their various biological events, moreover, SF50 as sperm surface biomarker and as local barrier contraceptive could be thought off. 10 17 2017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Samata Maji Samata Maji Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India Uttam Datta Uttam Datta Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India uttamdtt@yahoo.com Manik Lal Hembram Manik Lal Hembram Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India Agglutination Lectin Snail Sperm. Myles DG, Primakoff P. Establishment of sperm surface topography during development analyzed with monoclonal antibodies. In: Andre. J. (ed). The Sperm Cell. The Hague, Bostan, London: Martiniius Nijhoff Publishers 1983; 127-130.##Myles DG, Primakoff P. Localized surface antigens of guinea pig sperm migrate to new regions prior to fertilization. J Cell Biol 1984; 99: 1634-1641.##Olson GE, Danjo BJ. Surface changes in rat spermatozoa during epididymal transit. Biol Reprod 1981; 24: 431-443.##Brown CR, Von Glos KI, Jones R. Changes in plasma membrane glycoproteins of rat spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis. J Cell Biol 1983; 96: 256-264.##Jones R. Membrane remodeling during sperm maturation in the epididymis. Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology 1989; 11: 185-337.##Schwarz MA, Koehler JK. Alterations in lectin binding to guinea pig spermatozoa accompanying in-vitro capacitation and acrosome reaction. Biol Reprod 1979; 21: 1295-1307.##Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Mann K, Gabius HJ, Töpfer-Petersen E. Isolation and biochemical characterization of heparin binding proteins from boar seminal plasma: a dual role for sperm adhesions in fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev 1993; 35: 37-43.##Gwatkin R, Williams D. Receptor activity of the solubilized hamster and mouse zona pellucida before and after the zona reaction. J Reprod Fertil 1976; 19: 55-59.##Green DP. Mammalian fertilization as a biological machine: a working model for adhesion and fusion of sperm and oocyte. Human Reprod 1993; 8: 91-96.##Myles DG. Molecular mechanisms of sperm-egg membrane binding and fusion in mammals. Dev Biol 1993; 158: 35-45.##Kallajoki M, Malmi R, Virtanen I, Souminen J. Glycoconjugates of human sperm surface. A study with fluorescent lectin conjugates and Lens culinaris agglutinin affinity chromatography. Cell Biol Int Rep 1985; 9: 151-164.##Bao SN, de Souza W. Lectin binding sites on head structures of the spermatid and spermatozoon of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera, Culicidae). Histochemistry 1992; 98: 365-371.##Okamura N, Dacheux F, Venien A, Onoe S, Huet JC, Dacheux JL. Localization of a maturation-dependent epididymal sperm surface antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody raised against a 135- kilodalton protein in porcine epididymal fluid. Bio Reprod 1992 b; 47: 1040-1052.##Lis H, Sharon N. Lectins as molecules and as tools. Annual Review of Biochemistry 1986; 55: 35-67.##Perez-Pe R, Marti JI, Tejedor A, Muino-Blanco T, Cebrian-Perez JA. Sperm-lectin agglutination combined with swim-up leads to an efficient selection of highly motile, viable and heterogeneous ram spermatozoa. Theriogenology 1995; 51 3: 623-636.##Sinowatz F, Friess AE. Localization of lectin receptors on bovine epididymal spermatozoa using a colloidal gold technique. Histochemistry 1983; 79: 335-344.##Sinowatz F, Volgmayr JK, Gabius HJ, Friess AE. Cytochemical analysis of mammalian sperm membranes. Prog Histoch Cytoch 1989; 194: 1-74.##Cantarelli M, Perishi A, Torelli MG, La SG. In-vitro test to assess human sperm fertilizing ability. Acta Eur Fertil 1992; 23: 5-14.##Mladenovic I, Hajducovic L, Genbacev O, Cuperlovic M, Movsesijan M. Lectin binding as a biological test in vitro for prediction of functional activity of human spermatozoa. Gamete Res 1993; 24; 403-413.##Goldstein IJ, Hughes RC, Monsigny A, Osawa T, Sharon N. What should be called lectin? Nature 1980; 285: 66-68.##Gilboa-Garber N, Susswein AJ, Mizrabi L, Avichezer D. Purification and characterization of the gonad lectin of Aplysia depilans. FEBS Letter 1985; 181: 260-270.##Yeaton RW. Invertebrate lectins. II. Diversity of specificity. Biological synthesis and function in recognition. Dev Comp Immunol 1981; 5: 535-545.##Pakrashi A, Datta U. in vitro sperm agglutination and spermicidal activity of protein isolated from a marine mollusc Telescopium telescopium (gastropoda). Indian J Mar Sci 2001; 30: 93-97.##Datta U, Pakrashi A. Morphological features of sperm from a marine mollusc (Telescopium telescopium), some immunological and physicochemical studies of extract from spermatheca gland. Proceeding of Zoological Society (Calcutta), India 2000; 53 1: 15-23.##Lowry OH, Rossebrough NJ, Farr Al, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin-phenol reagent. Journal of Biochem 1951; 193: 265-266.##Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly at the head of bacteriophase-T-4. Nature 1970; 227: 680-685.##Hudson L, Hay FC. Practical Immunology. 3rd ed. Oxford, London: Blackwell Scientific Publication; 1989.##Sander FV, Cramer SD. A practical method for the spermicidal action of chemical contraceptive. Human Fertility 1941; 6: 134-137.##World Health Organization 1999 WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. 4th ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.##Gopalakrishnan K. Current concept in fertility regulation and reproduction. (eds). Puri CP, Vanlook PFA. New Delhi; Wiley-Eastern LTD. 1992; 157-164.##Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics 1995; 11: 1-42.##Ireland CM, Roll DM, Molinski TF, Mckee TC, Zarbriske TM, Swersey JC. 1988 Uniqueness of marine environment. Categories of marine natural products from invertebrates. In: Biomedical importance of marine organisms. California, USA: California Academy of Science. 41-47.##Spicer SS. Advantages of histochemistry for the study of cell biology. Histochemical Journal 1993; 25: 531-547.##Nicolson GL. The interaction of lectins with animal cell surfaces. Rev Cytol 1974; 39: 89-90.##Fraizer W, Glaser L. Surface components and cell recognition. Rev Biochem 1979; 48: 491-523.##Monsigny M. The roles of carbohydrates in cell recognition, endogenous lectins. Biol Cell 1984; 51 (special issue): 113.##Peleg BA, Ianconscu M. Sperm agglutination and sperm adsorption due to mixoviruses. Nature 1966; 211: 1211-1212.##Koehler JK, Sato K. Changes in lectin labeling pattern of mouse spermatozoa accompanying capacitation and acrosome reaction. J Cell Biol 1978; 79: 165a.##Kinsey WH, Koehler JK. Cell surface changes associated with in vitro capacitation of hamster sperm. J Ultrastruct Res 1978; 64: 1-13.##Ahuja KK. Lectin-coated agarose beads in the investigation of sperm capacitation in hamster. Dev Biol 1984; 104: 131-142.##Lewin LM, Weissenberg R, Sobel JS, Marcus Z, Nebel L. Differences in Con A-FITC binding of rat spermatozoa during epididymal maturation and capacitation. Arch Androl 1979; 2: 279-281.##Gordon M, Dandekar PV, Bartoszewiez W. The surface coat of epididymal, ejaculated and capacitated sperm. J Ultrastruct Res 1975; 50: 199-207.##O'Rand M. restriction of a sperm surface antigen's mobility during capacitation. Dev Biol 1977; 55: 260-270.##Talbot P, Franklin LE. Surface modification of guinea pig sperm during in vitro capacitation: An assessment using lectin-induced agglutination of living sperm. 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The effects of different luteal support hormones on endometrial alkaline phosphatase activity and endometrial thickness in superovulated mice 2 2 Background: There are some controversial data on application of progesterone and progesterone plus estrogen at luteal phase. Objective: To investigate the effects of different luteal support hormones on the Alkaline Phosphates (ALP) activity in the endometrial epithelium and endometrial thickness during superovulation process for obtaining the optimized endometrial receptivity in animal model. Materials and Methods: Pseudopregnant female Balb/c mice were induced for pseudopregnany through superovulation then the mice were divided into two groups. Experimental group included five groups: the pseudopregnant mice were given four consecutive daily injections of progesterone (P group) estrogen (E group) estrogen + progesterone (E+P group) antiprogesterone + estrogen (RU 486 + E) and sham group. In the control group pseudopregnancy was induced in the natural cycle. The uterus was collected after day 4.5 of pseudopregnancy. The samples were prepared for the morphological and morphometrical evaluation of the endometrial ALP activity and endometrial thickness. Results: ALP activity was observed in all groups except P group. ALP activity of P + E group was similar to E and RU 486 + E groups. Sham group showed high ALP activity compared to the P group. The endometrial thickness was low in the P group and high in the sham group in comparison with other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion super ovulation decreased the ALP activity. Estrogen along with progesterone at the luteal phase increased the enzyme activity and the endometrial thickness compared with the progesterone administration and thus progesterone plus estrogen could improve embryo receptivity. 18 23 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Behrooz Niknafs Behrooz Niknafs Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Niknafsbeh@yahoo.com Fathemeh Afshar Fathemeh Afshar Department of Histology, Medical Faulty, Tabriz Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Abdo-Rahman Dezfulian Abdo-Rahman Dezfulian Department of Histology, Medical Faculty, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Implantation Ovarian hyperstimulation Alkaline phosphatase enzyme Endometrium Thomas G K, Carolina G, Sen H P. Prostaglandins and the initiation of blastocyst implantation and decidualization. Reproduction 2007; 134: 635-643.##Leesey BA. The role of the endometrium during embryo implantation. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 36-50.##Ma WG, Song H, Das SK, Paria BC, Dey SK. Estrogen is a critical determinant that specifies the duration of the window of uterine receptivity for implantation. PNAS 2003; 100: 2963-2968.##Bansode F, Chauhan S, Makker A, Singh M. Uterine luminal epithelial alkaline phosphatase activity and pinopod development in relation to endometrial sensitivity in the rat .Contraception 1998; 58: 61-68.##Krajnicakova M, Lenhardt L, Valocký I, Cigánkova V, Kostecký M, Maracek I. Activity of alkaline and acidic phosphatase and non-specific esterase in the endometrium and oviduct of postpartum goes. Small Ruminant Res 2004; 53 : 47-51.##Sophie J, Mariann W. Expression of alkaline phosphatase in the mature mouse placenta visualized in situ hybridization and enzyme histochemistry. Anat and Embryo 2004; 187: 409-414.##Hawkins D, Abrahamse H. How should increase in alkaline phosphatase activity be interpreted? Laser Chemistry 2007: Article ID 49608.##Bucci M, Murphy CR. Alkaline phosphatase distribution in the plasma membrane of uterine epithelial cells is markedly altered during early pregnancy in the rat. Cell Biol Int 1995; 19: 921-928.##Bucci M, Murphy CR. Hormonal control of enzyme activity during the plasma membrane transformation of uterine epithelial cells. Cell Biol 2001; 25: 871-895.##Emadi M, Salehnia M. Localization and activity of mouse endometrial alkaline phosphatase after hyperstimulation and progesterone injection at implantation time. Biomed J 2004; 8: 121- 126.##Nilsson O, Lundknist O. Ultastructural and histochmical changes of the mouse uterine epithelium on blastocyte activation for implantation. Anat & Embryo 2004; 155: 311-321.##Dey SK, Lim H, Sanjoy K, Reese J, Takiko D, Haibin W. Molecular Cues to Implantation . Endocrine Rev 2004; 25: 341-373.##Gruber I, Just A, Birner M, Losch A. Serum estradiol/progesterone ratio on day of embryo transfer may predict reproductive outcome following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and in vitro fertilization. Exp & Clin Assist Reprod 2007; 4: 1.##Bourgain C, Devroey P. The endometrium in stimulated cycles for IVF. Hum Reprod 2003; 9: 515-522.##Hubayter Z, Muasher S. Luteal supplementation in in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility 2008; 89: 749-758.##Alsian A, Kadoch I, Phillips S, Lapensee L, Hemmings R, Bissonnette F. Adding estrogen to progesterone in luteal phase support in In Vitro Fertilization Embryo Transfer cycles produce pregnancies with higher quantitative (βhCG). Fertility and Sterility 2005; 84: S155.##Bancraft JD, Ganble M. Theory and practice of histological techniques. 5th ed. London; Churchill Livigstone; 2002.##Lindhard A, Bentin-Ley U , Ravn V, Islin H, Hviid T, Rex S, et al. Biochemical evaluation of endometrial function at the time of implantation. Fertilty and Sterilty 2002; 78: 221-233.##Fossum G, Davidson A, Paulson R. Ovarian hyperstimulation inhibits embryo implantation in the mouse. Assist Reprod Gen 1989; 6: 7-10.##Beverley K. Changes in vascular permeability and deciduoma formation during the peri-implantation period of the rat in response to exogenous gonadotropins. Anat & Physio 1998; 247: 20-24##Todd A, Marisela M, Bert W, Orla M. Mutual and intercompartmental regulation of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression in mouse uterus. Biol Reprod 1998; 59: 1143-1152.##Lewin A, Benshushan A, Mezker E, Yanai N, Schenker J, Goshin R. The role of estrogen support during the luteal phase of in vitro fertilization – embryo transplant cycle: a comparative study between progesterone one alone and estrogen and progesterone support. Fertitilty and Sterility 1994; 62: 121-125.##Tay P, Lenton E. Inhibition of progesterone secretion by oestradiol administered in the luteal phase of assisted conception cycles. Med J Malaysia 2003; 58: 187-195.##Smitz J, Borgain C, Bourgain L, Van WM, Camus P, Devroey AC, et al. Prospective randomized study on ostradiol valerate supplementation in addition to intravaginal micronized progesterone in buserelin and HMG induced superovulation. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 40-50.## ##

Incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women 2 2 Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy and causes fetal mortality and morbidity. Therefore early diagnosis of GDM is necessary to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and to help prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes Objective: This prospective study was carried out to determine the incidence of GDM in Yazd and to assess the effect of various contributing factors. Materials and Methods: One thousand and seventy one pregnant women were screened for GDM at 24-28 weeks. Initial screening was done by a glucose challenge test with 50 g glucose. If the 1-hour blood glucose level exceeded 130 mg/dl then a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with 100g glucose was performed and diagnosis was established according to American Diabetes Association criteria. Results: Three hundred and forty two (31.9%) women had an abnormal screening test and proceeded to oral glucose tolerance testing. The overall incidence of GDM was 10.2% (n=110). Seventy six of subjects (7.1%) have one abnormal OGTT. There was a significant association between incidence of GDM and age familial history of diabetes BMI before pregnancy parity history of GDM macrosomic baby still birth during previous pregnancies and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: According to high incidence of GDM in our area we recommend screening for GDM in all pregnant women and modification of contributing factors in high risk women. 24 28 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Sedigheh Soheilykhah Sedigheh Soheilykhah Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran s_soheilykhah@yahoo.com Mahdie Mogibian Mahdie Mogibian Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Sodabeh Rahimi-Saghand Sodabeh Rahimi-Saghand Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Maryam Rashidi Maryam Rashidi Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Saeideh Soheilykhah Saeideh Soheilykhah Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Maryam Piroz Maryam Piroz Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Gestational diabetes mellitus Glucose Challenge Test Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the fifth international workshop-conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: S 251.##Jovanovic L, Pettitt DJ. Gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001; 286: 2516-2518.##Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1862.##Ferrara A, Hedderson MM, Quesenberry CP, Selby JV. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus detected by the National Diabetes Data Group or the Carpenter and Coustan plasma glucose thresholds. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1625.##American Diabetes Association. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: S88-S90.##Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Miccoli R, Cuccuru I, Ghio A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2003; 62: 131-137.##Zargar AH, Sheikh MI, Bashir MI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Wani AI, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Kashmiri women from the Indian subcontinent. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2004; 66: 139-145.##Larijani B, Zahedi F. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Iran. Iranian journal of Diabetes and Lipid disorders 2002; 1: 1-8.##Keshavarz M, Cheung NW, Babaee GR, Moghadam HK, Ajami ME, Shariati M. Gestational diabetes in Iran: incidence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2005; 69: 279-286.##Shirazian N, Emdadi R, Mahboubi M, Motevallian A, Fazel-Sarjuei Z, Sedighpour N, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes: usefulness of clinical risk factors. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009; 280: 933-937.##Moses RG, Moses J, Davis WS. Gestational diabetes: do lean young Caucasian women need to be tested? Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1803-1806.##Yang X, Hsu-Hage B, Yu L, Simmons D. Selective screening for gestational diabetes in Chinese women. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:796.##Khine ML, Winklestein A, Copel JA. Selective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in adolescent pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 738-742.##Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: variations related to screening strategy used. European Journal of Endocrinology 2002; 146: 831.##Hadaegh F, Tohidi M, Harati H, Kheirandish M, Rahimi S. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in southern Iran (Bandar Abbas City). Endocrine Practice 2005; 11: 313-318.##Jawad F, Irshaduddin PK. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome in Pakistan. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1996; 2.##Naylor CD. Diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. Is the gold standard valid? Diabetes Care 1989; 12:565-572.##Zargar AH, Sheikh MI, Bashir MI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Wani AI, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Kashmiri women from the Indian subcontinent. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2004; 66: 139-145.##Bjercke S, Dale PO, Tanbo T, Storeng R, Ertzeid G, byholm T. Impact of insulin resistance on pregnancy complications and outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2002; 54: 94-98.##Jk Z, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome; towards a rational approach. In: Dunaif A, Givens JR and Haseltime F. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Boston: Blackwell Scientific; 1992; 377-384.##Jang HC, Min HK, Lee HK, Cho NH, Metzger BE. Short stature in Korean women: a contribution to the multifactorial predisposition to gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1998; 41: 778-783.##Branchtein L, Schmidt MI, Matos MC, Yamashita T, Pousada JM, Duncan BB. Short stature and gestational diabetes in Brazil. Brazilian Gestational Diabetes Study Group. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 848.##Tabak AG, Kerenyi Z, Nagy E, Bosnyak Z, Madarasz E, Tamas G. Height and gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 2002; 19: 344.## ##

Symptoms of natural menopause among Iranian women living in Tehran Iran 2 2 Background: Menopause is a step of a woman’s life when hormonal changes cause menstruation to stop permanently. Menopausal symptoms can affect women's health and differ between different races and societies. Objective: The aim of this study was to survey the symptoms associated with menopause among Iranian women living in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study which has been done between 2004 and 2005, women aged equal or more than 35 years old living in districts of Tehran were selected by multistage randomized cluster sampling. For each woman a questionnaire was completed. The data gained from each questionnaire was analyzed by using SPSS version 13. Results: At time of study, 2462 women were naturally menopause. The mean age of natural menopause onset was 47.71 (SE=0.11) years. In 52.9% of cases, the onset of menopause was sudden. The symptoms associated with menopause were night sweats (61.2%), joint and muscle pain (59.9%), hot flashes (53.1%), fatigue (45.6%), decreased libido (33.9%), insomnia (33.7%), weight gain (30.1%), forgetfulness (24.9%) and urinary symptoms (17.4%). Conclusion: This study showed that night sweats, joint and muscle pain and hot flashes are the most common symptoms associated with menopause. 29 32 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Mahnaz Ashrafi Mahnaz Ashrafi Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ashrafim@royaninstitute.org Saeed Kazemi Ashtiani Saeed Kazemi Ashtiani Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Farideh Malekzadeh Farideh Malekzadeh Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Elham Amirchaghmaghi Elham Amirchaghmaghi Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Fahimeh Kashfi Fahimeh Kashfi Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Babak Eshrati Babak Eshrati Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Shabani Fatemeh Shabani Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Age Menopause Symptoms Hot flashes Night sweats. Greendale GA, Lee NP, Arriola ER. The menopause. Lancet 1999; 353: 571–580.##Sievert LL. Menopause as a measure of population health: an overview. Am J Hum Biol 2001; 13: 429-433.##Daley A, MacArthur C, Stokes-Lampard H, McManus R, Wilson S, Mutrie N. Exercise participation, body mass index, and health-related quality of life in women of menopausal age. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57: 130-135.##Yahya S, Rehan N. Age, pattern and symptoms of menopause among rural women of Lahore. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2002; 14: 9-12.##Haines CJ, Xing SM, Park KH, Holinka CF. Prevalence of menopausal symptoms in different ethnic groups of Asian women and responsiveness to therapy with three doses of conjugated estrogens/medroxy progesterone acetate: The Pan-Asia menopause (PAM) study. Maturitas 2005; 52: 264-276.##Loh FH, Khin LW, Saw SM, Lee JJM, Gu K. The age of menopause and the menopause transition in a multiracial population: a nation-wide Singapore study. Maturitas 2005; 52: 169-180.##Ashrafi M, Ashtiani SK, Malekzadeh F, Amirchaghmaghi E, Kashfi F, Eshrati B. Factors Associated with Age at natural Menopause in Iranian Women Living in Tehran. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 102: 175-176.##Mohammad K, Sadat Hashemi SM, Farahani FK. Age at menopause in Iran. Maturitas 2004; 49: 321-326.##Stewart DE. Menopause in highland Guatemala Mayan women. Maturitas 2003; 44: 293-297.##Ayatollahi SM, Ghaem H, Ayatollahi SA. Menstrual-reproductive factors and age at natural menopause in Iran. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 80: 311-313.##Ayatollahi SM, Ghaem H, Ayatollahi SAR. Age at natural menopause and socio-demographic determinants in Shiraz. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2004; 14: 51-59.##Soltani O. Menopausal prevalence and related factors among women referred to Mostafa Khomeini hospital of Ilam, in 2001. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2003; 10: 44-49.##Waidyasekera H, Wijewardena K, Lindmark G, Naessen T. Menopausal symptoms and quality of life during the menopausal transition in Sri Lankan women. Menopause 2009; 16: 164-170.##Jahanfar Sh, Abdul Rahim bA, Shah Reza b K, Nor Azura bt I, Sharifah Nora bt S A D, Siti Asma' bt AR. Age of Menopause and Menopausal Symptoms Among Malaysian Women Who Referred to Health Clinic in Malaysia. Shiraz E-Medical Journal 2006; 7: 1-9.##Castelo-Branco C, Palacios S, Mostajo D, Tobar C, von Helde S. Menopausal transition in Movima women, a Bolivian Native-American. Maturitas 2005; 51: 380-385.## ##

Evaluating the experiences of surrogate and intended mothers in terms of surrogacy in Isfahan 2 2 Background: Using the method “surrogacy” in which a woman accepts to bear and deliver a child for a married couple is considered as a subsidiary method in infertility therapy. This method is relatively new in Iran. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the experiences of the women involved in surrogacy and to reveal some issues related to this method. Materials and Methods: The method of research was analytic–deh1ive and causative – comparative type. The 5-item neo - questionnaire and structured interview were used simultaneously. The sample consisted of 15 surrogate mothers 15 intended mothers and 30 normal mothers (each with one or more children). The studied data was gathered in the fall and winter of 2009 in Isfahan by the researcher (Monir Pashmi) and data analysis was executed through the use of deh1ive data (such as the median standard deviation) and interpretive data (T- test). Results: The research revealed that in terms of social – cultural status the surrogate and intended mothers were completely different but their psychological characteristics were not significantly varied. Results indicate the satisfaction and consent of both sides involved in the surrogacy. They had a good relationship during the pregnancy period but after delivery the intended mother wanted no further relationship they found out this method an altruistic experience. Conclusion: Most surrogate and intended mothers do not consider surrogacy a problematic issue. A number of mothers however did mention that they had not been given the appropriate counseling beforehand. It seems plausible therefore to endeavour a general rise in the socio – cultural awareness of surrogacy in Iranian society. 33 40 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Monir Pashmi Monir Pashmi Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Tabatabaie Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Tabatabaie Seyed Ahmad Ahmadi Seyed Ahmad Ahmadi Surrogacy Surrogate mother Intended mother Fertility Infertility. Brinsden PR. Gestational surrogacy: Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Taylor & Francis 2004; 855-866.##Sullivan L. Surrogacy: the case for a conventional approach. Med Law 1991; 10: 401-415.##Golombok S, Murray C, Jadva V, Lycett E, MacCallum F, Rust J. Non-genetic and non-gestational parenthood: consequences for parent-child relationships and the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers and children at age 3. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 1918-1924.##Raziel A, Schachter M, Strassburger D, Komarovsky D, Ron-El R, Friedler S. Eight years' experience with an IVF surrogate gestational pregnancy program. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 11: 254-258.##Carp HJ, Dirnfeld M, Dor J, Grudzinskas JG. ART in recurrent miscarriage: preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening or surrogacy? Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 1502-1505.##Brinsden PR. Gestational surrogacy. Hum Reprod Update 2003; 9: 483-491.##Blyth E. I wanted to be interesting. I wanted to be able to say 'I've done something interesting with my life'. Interview with surrogate mother in Brittain. J Rreprod Infant Psychol 1994; 12: 189-198.##Jadva V, Murray C, Lycett E, MacCallum F, Golombok S. Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 2196-2204.##Kleinpeter CB.Surrogacy: the parents' story. Psychol Rep 2001; 91: 201-219.##Van den Akker OB. Psychosocial aspects of surrogate motherhood. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13: 53-62.##Pervin L, John O. Personality: theory and research. 8th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.##Reilly DR. Surrogate pregnancy: a guide for Canadian prenatal health care providers. CMAJ 2007; 176: 483-485.##Harrison M. Financial incentives for surrogacy. Women's Health Issues 1991; 1: 145-147.##Committee on Ethics. ACOG committee opinion number 397, February 2008: surrogate motherhood. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 465-470.##Van den Akker OB. Genetic and gestational surrogate mothers, experience of surrogacy. J Repord Infant Psychol 2003; 21: 145-161.##Hanafin H. Surrogate parenting: reassessing human bonding, Paper presented at the American sychological Association Convention, NewYork. 1987.##Baslington H. Anxiety overflows. Womens Stud Int Forum 1996; 19: 675-684.##Van den Akker OB. HFEA Commissioned Report. Review: Psychosocial, moral and ethical issues involved in Donor, Surrogacy and Adoption Triads: A Graded Evaluation. Human fertilization and Embryology Association. London. 2002.##Ragone H. Surrogate Motherhood: Conception in the heart first edition. Westview press Boulder Co, Oxford, USA. 1994.##Shenfield F, Pennings G, Cohen J, Devroey P, de Wert G, Tarlatzis B. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 10: surrogacy. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 2705-2707.##Van den Akker OB. Psychological trait and state characteristics, social support and attitudes to the surrogate pregnancy and baby. Hum Reprod 2007; 22: 2287-2295.##MacCallum F, Lycett E, Murray C, Jadva V, Golombok S. Surrogacy: the experience of commissioning couples. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 1334-1342.##Golombok S, Murray C, Jadva V, Mac Callum F, Lycett E. Families created through surrogacy arrangements: parent-child relationships in the 1st year of life. Dev Psychol 2004; 40: 400-411.## ##

The effect of sperm morphology on IUI outcome in cases with unexplained and male factor infertility 2 2 Background: Although intrauterine insemination (IUI) is one of the most common methods which is used for male factor and unexplained infertility the relative influence of various semen parameters on the likelihood of a successful outcome is controversial. Several semen parameters have been evaluated as predictors of a successful outcome with intrauterine insemination. Objective: To evaluate the effects of sperm morphology on the success rate of IUI. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of 200 couples who underwent IUI cycles of ovarian stimulation in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The patients were chosen in 2 groups group A: 100 patients with ≤20% normal sperm morphology and group B: 100 patients with >20% normal sperm morphology (unexplained infertility). The other semen parameters were normal in both groups. Results: Total clinical pregnancies were 10.5% (pregnancy rate / cycle). There was not any difference between two groups in rate of pregnancy and also pregnancy outcome. Conclusion: Intrauterine insemination used for treating male factor infertility has not shown excessive advantage when normal sperm morphology in semen analysis is more than 20% in comparison with ≤ 20%. 41 44 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Shahdokht Motazedian Shahdokht Motazedian Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran sh.motazedian@yahoo.com Bahareh Hamedi Bahareh Hamedi Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Jaleh Zolghadri Jaleh Zolghadri Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Khatereh Mojtahedi Khatereh Mojtahedi Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Nasrin Asadi Nasrin Asadi Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Male infertility Unexplained infertility Sperm morphology. Wainer R, Albert M, Dorion A, Bailly M, Berger M, Lombroso R, et al. Influence of the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated and of their morphology on the success of intrauterine insemination. Hum reprod 2004; 19: 2060-2065.##Hendin BN, Falcone T, Hallak J, Nelson DR, Vemullapalli S, Goldberg J, et al. The effect of patient & semen characteristics on live birth rates following intrauterine insemination: A retrospective study. J of Assisted Reprod and Genetics 2000; 17: 245-252.##Badawy A, Elnashar A, Eltotongy M. Effect of sperm morphology and number on success of intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 777-781.##Saucedo de la E, Moraga MR, Batiza Resendiz V, Galache Vega P, Santos HR. influence of sperm morphology on results of intrauterine insemination. Gynecol Obstet Mex 2003; 71: 455-459.##Lee RK, Hou JW, Ho Hy, Hwu YM, Lin MH, Tsai YC. et al. Sperm morphology analysis using strict criteria as a prognostic factor in intrauterine insemination . Int J Androl 2002; 25: 277.##Van Voorhis BJ, Barnett M, Sparks AET, Syrop CH, Rosenthal G, Dawson J. Effect of the total motile sperm count on the efficacy and cost effectiveness of intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2001; 76:1086-1087.##Dickey RP, Pyrzak R, Lu PY, Taylor SN, Rye PH. Comparison of the sperm quality necessary for successful intrauterine insemination with WHO threshold values for normal sperm. Fertil Steril 1999; 71: 684-689.##World Health Organization, labratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 1992.##Zhao Y, Vlahos N, Wyncott D, Petrella C, Garcia J, Zacur H, et al. Impact of semen characteristics on the success of intrauterine insemination. J of Assisted Reprod and genetics 2004; 21:143-148.##Goverde AJ, MC Donnell J, Vermeiden JPW, Schats R., Rutten FFH, Schoemaker J. Intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilization in idiopathic subfertility and male subfertility: A randomized trial and cost effectiveness analysis. The lancet 2000; 355:13-18.##Speroff L, Fritz MA. Male infertility. In: Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and infertility. Baltimore; Williams & Wilkins 2005; 30: 1135-1173.##Guzick DS, Carson SA, Coutifaris C, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Steinkampt MP, et al. Efficacy of super ovulation and IUI in the treatment of infertility. N Eng J Med 1999; 340: 177-183.##Erdem A, Erdem M, Gumuslu S, Kulak D, Oktem M, Karabacak O. Sperm morphology before and after sperm preparation do not predict pregnancy in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles with husband sperm. Fertil Steril 2009; 92: S140-141.##Westerlaken LAV, Naaktgeboren N, Helmerhorst FM. Evaluation of pregnancy rates after intrauterine insemination according to indications, age, sperm parameters. J Assisted reprod genetic 1998; 15: 359-364.##Simsek F, Haydardedeoglu B, Hacivelioglu S O, Cok A, Parlakgumus A, Bagis T. Effect of cervical mucus aspiration before intrauterine insemination. International J of Gynecol & Obstet 2008; 103: 136-139.##Daya MB, Frankfurter D, Moawad G, Peak D, Dubey A, Gindoff PR. A novel semen measure for predicting post-IUI pregnancy: the absolute motile morphology count. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: S486.##World Health Organization, Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction, 4th, Cambridge University Press, 1999.##Kruger TF, Acosta AA, Simmons KF, Swanson RJ, Matta JF, Oehninger S. Predictive value of abnormal sperm morphology in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1988; 49: 112-117.##Hernandez M, Molina R, Olmedo J, Olmedo SB, Coetzee K, Estofan D, Prognostic value of the strict criteria: an Argentinian experience, Arch Androl 1996; 37: 87.##Lindheim SR, Barad DH, Zinger M, Witt B, Amin H, Cohen B, et al. Abnormal sperm morphology is highly predictive of pregnancy outcome during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination. J Assisted reprod genetic 1996; 13: 569-572##Spiessens C, Vanderschueren D, Meuleman C, D'Hooghe T. Isolated teratospermia and intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 1185-1189.##Ransom MX, Blotner MB, Bohrer M, Corsan G, Kemmann E. Does increasing frequency of intrauterine insemination improve pregnancy rates significantly during superovulation cycles? Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 303.##Kang BM, Wu TC, Effect of age on intrauterine insemination with frozen donor sperm. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 93.## ##

The point mutations of mitochondrial tRNA threonine and proline in idiopathic repeated pregnancy loss 2 2 Background: Mitochondrial transfer RNAs (tRNA) genes are essential components of protein biosynthesis. These genes are hotspots for mutations. These mutations are associated with a wide spectrum of human disease. Many genetic factors are known in assessment of repeated pregnancy loss (RPL). Objective: The aim of this study was analysis of tRNA Thr and tRNA Pro in women with RPL. Materials and Methods: The nucleotide variations of threonine and proline were investigated in 96 women with idiopathic repeated pregnancy loss. The related mitochondrial area was amplified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were demonstrated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and all the positive samples were purified and verified by an automated DNA sequencing method. Results: The sequence analysis revealed 4 mutations in tRNA Thr. These mutations were A15907G in 2 cases (2.08%) A15924G in 3 cases (3.12%) G15928A in 10 cases (10.42%) as the most common mutations and G15930A in 3 cases (3.12%) as a novel mutation. Also the result of tRNApro sequencing showed the T15972C mutation in 1 woman (1.04%) as a novel mutation. Conclusion: These tRNAs mutations can alter their steady state level and affect the structure of tRNAs. It results in protein synthesis defects and in turn mitochondrial dysfunction. The mutations of these genes may help in the assessment of RPL. Further study of an expanded series of these tRNA mutants is recommended to describe their etiologic role in idiopathic RPL. 45 50 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Seyed Mohammad Seyedhassani Seyed Mohammad Seyedhassani National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran Massoud Houshmand Massoud Houshmand National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran housh62@yahoo.com Seyed Mehdi Kalantar Seyed Mehdi Kalantar Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Abbas Aflatoonian Abbas Aflatoonian Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Glayol Modabber Glayol Modabber National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Hadipour Fatemeh Hadipour Special Medical Center, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein Fallahzadeh Mohammad Hossein Fallahzadeh Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran tRNA Mitochondrial mutation Repeated pregnancy loss. Edmonds DK, Lindsay KS, Miller JF, Williamson E, Wood PJ. Early embryonic mortality in women. Fertility and sterility 1982; 38: 447-453.##Warburton D FF. Spontaneous abortion rate in man: data from reproductive histories collected in a medical genetics unit. Am J Hum Genet 1963: 1-25.##Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O'Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP, Canfield RE et al. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine 1988; 319: 189-194.##Hatasaka HH. Recurrent miscarriage: epidemiologic factors, definitions, and incidence. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 1994; 37: 625-634.##Clifford K, Rai R, Watson H, Regan L. An informative protocol for the investigation of recurrent miscarriage: preliminary experience of 500 consecutive cases. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 1994; 9: 1328-1332.##Tempfer C, Unfried G, Zeillinger R, Hefler L, Nagele F, Huber JC. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2001; 16: 1644-1647.##Pietrowski D, Bettendorf H, Riener EK, Keck C, Hefler LA, Huber JC et al. Recurrent pregnancy failure is associated with a polymorphism in the p53 tumour suppressor gene. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2005; 20: 848-851.##Goodman C, Goodman CS, Hur J, Jeyendran RS, Coulam C. The association of Apoprotein E polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 61: 34- 38.##Lee HH, Hong SH, Shin SJ, Ko JJ, Oh D, Kim NK. Association study of vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms with the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertility and sterility 2010; 93: 1244-1247.##Govindaiah V, Naushad SM, Prabhakara K, Krishna PC, Radha Rama Devi A. Association of parental hyperhomocysteinemia and C677T Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism with recurrent pregnancy loss. 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Heterotopic abdominal pregnancy following ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate 2 2 Background: Heterotopic abdominal pregnancy is a rare entity which poses unique management challenges. Case: A 24-year-old Gravida 1 woman with history of two years infertility and treatment with clomiphene citrate presented with acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain. Heterotopic abdominal pregnancy was recognized at 16 weeks gestation by transvaginal ultrasound scan. We aimed to remove ectopic pregnancy with prevention of maternal complications and preservation of intrauterine pregnancy (IUP). Surgical removal of the ectopic fetus and placenta was done. Abdominal pregnancy removed successfully without intra- or post-procedural complications but the IUP was aborted spontaneously on the second postoperative day. Conclusion: Gynecologists should consider the possibility of heterotopic pregnancy following ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate which is increasing in recent years. A high index of suspicion to heterotopic pregnancy may be followed by a nonsurgical approach safely and affectively if they are clinically stable and the abdominal pregnancy is recognized early in gestation. 51 54 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/52017/10/5 1396/7/13 Ferdous Mehrabian Ferdous Mehrabian Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran mehrabian@med.mui.ac.ir Behnaz Khani Robati Behnaz Khani Robati Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Abdominal pregnancy Clomiphene citrate Heterotopic pregnancy symptom Ovulation induction. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Use of clomiphene citrate in women. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 1302-1308.##Bello GV, Schonholz D, Moshirpur J, Jeng DY, Berkowitz RL. Combined pregnancy: the Mount Sinai experience. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1986; 41: 603-613.##Seeber BE, Barnhart KT. Ectopic Pregnancy. In: Gibbs RS, Karlan BY, Haney AF, Nygaard IE, editors. Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008; 72-87.##Honarbakhsh A, Khoori E, Mousavi S. Heterotopic pregnancy following ovulation induction by Clomiphene and a healthy live birth: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2008; 2: 390.##Naki MM, Tekcan C, Uysal A, Guzin K, Yucel N. Heterotopic pregnancy following ovulation induction by clomiphene citrate and timed intercourse: a case report. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2006; 274:181-183.##McClure N, McClelland R, Winter H, White R. Heterotopic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 11: 101-103.##Selo-Ojeme DO, GoodFellow CF. Simultaneous intrauterine and ovarian pregnancy following treatment with clomiphene citrate. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2002; 266: 232-234.##Damario MA, Rock JA. Ectopic Pregnancy. In: Rock JA, Jones HW, editors. Te Linde's Operative Gynecology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008; 799-824.##The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 206-212.##Zinger M, Rosenfeld D. Failed treatment of abdominal pregnancy with methotrexate. A case report. J Reprod Med 2001; 46: 392-394.##Ghazeeri GS, Phillips OP, Emerson DS, Kutteh WH, Ke RW. Live birth after treatment of a heterotopic cornual pregnancy with fetal intrathoracic KCI. A case report. J Reprod Med 2002; 47: 1038-1040.##Goldstein JS, Ratts VS, Philpott T, Dahan MH. Risk of surgery after use of potassium chloride for treatment of tubal heterotopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 506-508.##Taheripanah R, Hosseini M, Hashemi M. Tubal patency after ultrasound guided local injection of KCL to tubal ectopic pregnancy with alive fetus. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2008; 6: 45-49.##Kun KY, Wong PY, Ho MW, Tai CM, Ng TK. Abdominal pregnancy presenting as a missed abortion at 16 weeks' gestation. Hong Kong Med J 2000; 6:425-427.## ##