Mesenchymal stem cells repair germinal cells of seminiferous tubules of sterile rats سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی درموش های صحرایی نر عقیم سلول های زایای لوله های سمینفروس را ترمیم می کنند 2 1 مقدمه: سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی سلولهایی تمایز نیافته بوده که قادر به تقسیم شدن و تمایز به سایر انواع سلولها هستند. پیوند این سلولها به اعضاء مختلف بدن برای درمان بیماریهای متعددی بهکار برده میشود. هدف: هدف تحقیق حاضر، بررسی درمان بیضه عقیم شده به وسیله سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی بود. مواد و روشها: در این تحقیق تجربی، سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی جهت پیوند از مغز استخوان موشهای صحرایی نژاد ویستار استخراج شدند. همچنین برای مهار اسپرماتوژنز، موشهای دریافتکننده پیوند mg/kg 40 بوسولفان را دریافت نمودند. سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی نشاندار شده با BrdU به درون بیضه چپ تزریق و برای فهم بهبود عقیمی از مطالعات مورفومتری و ایمینوهیستوشیمی استفاده شد. نتایج: تعداد سلولهای اسپرماتوگونیوم (1/57±25/38)، اسپرماتوسیت اولیه (1/62±55/41) و اسپرم106×(1/30±4/95) در حیوانات تیمار شده با بوسولفان در مقایسه با گروه کنترل [به ترتیب (1/78±33/35، 2/00± 64/44) و 106×(1/82±10/50)] ازکاهش معناداری برخوردار بود اما سلول درمانی به اسپرماتوژنز این حیوانات کمک مؤثری نمود [به ترتیب (1/99±32/78، 2/01± 63/59) و اسپرم 106×(1/33±9/81)]. سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی نشانهگذاری شده با BrdU در لولههای سمینیفروس بیضههای عقیم شده به اسپرماتوگونیوم، اسپرم و نیز سلولهای بینابینی متمایز شدند. نتیجهگیری: بیضه موشهای صحرایی عقیم شده سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی پیوند شده را قبول کردند و سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی پیوند شده در لولههای سمینفروس به سلولهای ژرمینال متمایز گردیدند. 2 Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate and divide to other cell types. Transplantation of these cells to the different organs is used for curing various diseases. Objective: The aim of this research was whether MSCs transplantation could treat the sterile testes. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Donor MSCs were isolated from bone marrow of Wistar rats. The recipients were received 40 mg/kg of busulfan to stop endogenous spermatogenesis. The MSCs were injected into the left testes. Cell tracing was done by labeling the MSCs by 5-Bromo-2- Deoxy Uridine (BrdU). The immunohistochemical and morphometrical studies were performed to analysis the curing criteria. Results: The number of spermatogonia (25.38±1.57), primary spermatocytes (55.41±1.62) and spermatozoids (4.95±1.30)×106 in busulfan treated animals were decreased significantly as compared to the control group (33.35±1.78, 64.44±2.00) and (10.50±1.82)×106 respectively but stem cells therapy help the spermatogenesis begin more effective in these animals (32.78±1.99, 63.59±2.01) and (9.81±1.33)×106 respectively than the control group. The injected BrdU labeled mesenchymal stem cells differentiated to spermatogonia and spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the infertile testis and also to the interstitial cells between tubules. Conclusion: We concluded that testis of host infertile rats accepted transplanted MSCs. The transplanted MSCs could differentiate into germinal cells in testicular seminiferous tubules. 537 0 2017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/4 1396/12/13 ملیحه الزمان منصفی Malihezaman Monsefi Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran ایران lrz420@126.com بنت الهدی فریدونی Bentolhoda Fereydouni Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran ایران لیلی روحانی Leili Rohani Department of Anatomy, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ایران طاهره طلایی Tahereh Talaei Department of Anatomy, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ایران Cell therapy Immunohistochemistry Germinal cells Mesenchymal stem cells سلول درمانی ایمینوهیستو شیمی سلول های زایا سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی. Junqueira L. Basic Histology. 12th Ed. MC Grow Hill, USA: 2010. Peruquetti RL, Taboga SR, Azeredo-Oliveira MTV. Morphological changes of mammalian nucleoli during spermatogenesis and their possible role in the chromatoid body assembling. Hindawi Publishing Corporation: ISRN Cell Biol; 2012. Available at http: //www.hindawi.com/isrn/cell.biology/2012/829854/.##Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini FC, Krause DS, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytother 2006; 8: 315-317.##Norbert Pa, Christoph VS. Tissue Engineering: From Lab to Clinic. Springer, USA: 2012.##Zhang Y, Khan D, Delling J, Tobiasch E. Mechanisms Underlying the Osteo- and Adipo-Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci World J 2012; 2012:793823.##Murphy J, Fink D, Hunsiker E, Barry F. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthrit Rheum 2003; 48: 3464-3474.##Jung YL, Chang HJ, Jin AJ, Seong MK, Chung HR, Yun H, et al. Therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells after intrathecal administration by lumbar puncture in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2: 38-42.##Miranda B, Sushil S, Matthew H, Roger S, Charles SC, Jarek A, et al. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells enhance recovery after acute ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30: 140-149.##Melanie K, Vandana K, Thomas GH, John MC, Brenda R, Richard AG. Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Matrix Enables Survival and Multilineage Differentiation within Superporous Hydrogels. Biomacromol 2012; 13: 963-973.##Choi YJ, Ok DW, Kwon DN, Chung JI, Kim HC, et al. Murine male germ cell apoptosis induced by busulfan treatment correleates with loss of c-kitexpression in a Fas/FasL-and P53-independent manner. FEBS Lett 2004; 575: 41-51.##Bancroft JD, Stevens A. Theory and practical of histology techniques. New York: Churchill Living stone: 1991.##Olukole SG, Obayemi TE. Histomorphometry of the testes and epididymis in the domesticated adult African great cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). Int J Morphol 2010; 28: 1251-1254.##Seed J, Chapin RE, Clegg ED, Dostal LA, Foote RH, Hurtt E. Methods for assessing sperm motility, morphology and counts in the rat, rabbit & dog: a consensus report. ILSI Risk Science Institute Expert Working Group on Sperm Evaluation. Reprod Toxicol 1996;10: 237-244.##Da Silveira RC, Leite MN, Reporedo MM, De Almeida RN. Evaluation of long-term exposure to Mikania glomerata (Sprengel) extract on male Wistar rats'reproductive organs, sperm production and testosterone level. J Contracep 2003; 67: 327-331.##Honaramooz A, Behboodi E, Hausler CL, Blash S, Ayres S, et al. Depletion of endogenous germ cells in male pigs and goats in preparation for germ cell transplantation. J Androl 2007; 26: 698-705.##Caplan AI. Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213: 341-347.##Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D, He H, Rezvani M, Ingwall JS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med 2003; 10: 10.##Taylor DA, Atkins BZ, Hungspreugs P, Jones TR, Reedy MC, Hutcheson KA, et al. Regenerating functional myocardium: improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation. Nat Med 1998; 4: 929-933.##Caplan AI, Dennis JE. Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98: 1076-1084.##McLaren A. Germ and somatic cell lineages in the developing gonad. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 163: 3-9.##Gilbert S. Developmental biology. 8th Ed, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc: 2010.##Nayernia K, Lee JH, Drusenheimer N, Nolte J, Wulf G, Dressel R, et al. Derivation of male germ cells from bone marrow stem cells. Lab Invest 2006; 86: 654-663.##Yazawa T, Mizutani T, Yamada K, Kawata H, Sekiguchi T, Yoshino M, et al. Differentiation of adult stem cells derived from bone marrow stroma into Leydig or adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 4104-4111.##Akbarzadeh Najar R, Jedi-Tehrani M, Sadeghi MR, Zarnani AH, Salehkhou Sh, Hoseinzadeh F, et al. Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation in Mice. Cell J 2008; 65: 1-10.##Easley CA, Phillips BT, McGuire MM, Barringer JM, Valli H, Hermann BP, et al. Direct differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into haploid spermatogenic cells. Cell Rep 2012; 2: 440-446.##Panula S, Medrano JV, Kee K, Bergström R, Nguyen HN, Byers B, et al. Human germ cell differentiation from fetal- and adult-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20: 752-762.##Brinster RL, Avarbock MR. Germ Line transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 11303-11307.##Haddad S, Carvalho TL, Anselmo-Franci JA, Petenusci SO, Favaretto AL. Ultrasound stimulation of rat testes damaged by busulfan. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997; 23: 1421-1425.##Lue Y, Erkkila KY, Liu P, Ma K, Wang C, Hikim AS, Swerdloff R. Fate of bone marrow stem cells transplanted in to the testis potential implication for men with testicular failure. Am J Pathol 2007; 170: 899-908.## ##

Diagnostic dilemma in female genital tuberculosis- staining techniques revisited معضل تشخیصی در سل دستگاه تناسلی زنان- تکنیک های رنگ آمیزی بازبینی شده 2 1 مقدمه: سل یک مشکل در حال افزایش سلامت جهانی است. در بعد جهانی، سل اثرات مخربی روی جوامع دارد. سل دستگاه تناسلی بهعنوان یک فرم خارج ریوی سل، بهخصوص در مناطق با شیوع بالای سل ریوی غیرشایع نمیباشد. سل دستگاه تناسلی میتواند بدون علامت باشد و یا خود را با دیگر علائم ژینکولوژیکال نشان دهد. بنابراین تشخیص آن نیازمند شک زیاد و استفاده از روشهای تشخیص مناسب میباشد. هدف: مطالعه حاضر جهت تشخیص سل اندومتریال در بیوپسیهای اندومتر بهدست آمده از زنان تحت درمان ناباروری و مقایسه روشهای مختلف رنگآمیزی انجام شد. مواد و روشها: این مطالعه مقایسهای مقطعی از فوریه تا آوریل 2011 در بیمارستان بهادر، دهلی نو پاکستان انجام شد. نمونههای بیوپسی اندومتر از 55 زن مشکوک به سل اندومتر با روشهای مختلف Ziehl Neelson و Gabbet stain رنگآمیزی گردیدند. این نمونهها همچنین مورد رنگآمیزی Auramine Phenol fluroscent و H&E قرار گرفت. بهعنوان استاندارد طلایی کشت روی محیط Lowenstein Jensen انجام شد. نتایج: سه نمونه در کشت مثبت بودند (4/5%). با در نظر گرفتن کشت بهعنوان استاندارد طلایی، حساسیت رنگآمیزی ZN stain، Gabbet stain، fluorescent و H&E به ترتیب 33، 33، 66 و 66 درصد بود در حالیکه دقت آنها 100، 100، 98 و 100 درصد بود. نتیجهگیری: ترکیب تکنیکهای رنگآمیزی فلورسنت با یکی از روشهای رنگآمیزی Acid fast یا Histopathologyb باعث به دست آمدن حداکثر حساسیت و دقت برای تشخیص سل دستگاه تناسلی میشود. نهایتا نیاز فوری جهت معرفی یک روش تشخیصی مناسب برای تشخیص سل دستگاه تناسلی احساس میشود. 2 Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an increasing public health concern worldwide. On a global scale it has a devastating impact in developing nations. Genital TB, an extrapulmonary form, is not uncommon particularly in areas where pulmonary TB is prevalent. Genital TB may be asymptomatic or may even masquerade as other gynaecological conditions; hence, diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion and the use of appropriate investigations. Objective: This study attempted to identify endometrial TB in endometrial biopsies taken from women evaluated for infertility by comparison of various staining techniques. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted from February 2011 to April 2011 in Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi. Endometrial biopsy specimens from 55 endometrial TB suspects were stained for acid fast bacilli by Ziehl Neelson staining and Gabbet staining. The biopsy samples were also subjected to Auramine Phenol fluroscent staining and H and E staining. Culture on Lowenstein Jensen medium was taken as the gold standard. Results: Three samples were culture positive giving positivity rate of 5.4%. Considering culture as the gold standard the senstivities of ZN, Gabbet, fluorescent and H and E staining were 33, 33, 66, and 66% respectively while their specificities were 100, 100, 98, and100% respectively. Conclusion: Combination of fluorescent staining techniques along with one of the acid fast staining techniques or histopathology achieves sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. There is an urgent need for developing definitive diagnostic methods to make a conclusive diagnosis of genital TB. 545 0 2017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/4 1396/12/13 Bineeta Kashyap Bineeta Kashyap Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India dr_bineetakashyap@yahoo.co.in Namita Srivastava Namita Srivastava Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India Iqbal R Kaur Iqbal R Kaur Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India Rajat Jhamb Rajat Jhamb Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India Deepak K Singh Deepak K Singh Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India Culture Tuberculosis Genital Female فرهنگ بیوپسی اندومتر Gabbet stain هیستوپاتولوژی ZN stain. Kashyap B, Srivastava N, Kaur IR, Singh DK. Diagnostic dilemma in female genital tuberculosis- staining techniques revisited. DOTS DELHI NEWSLETTER Volume III/Issue III/ New Delhi 2011.##Rana T, Singh UB, Kulshrestha V, Kaushik A, Porwal C, Agarwal N, et al. Utility of reverse transcriptase PCR and DNA-PCR in the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 486-491.##Roy A, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, Adhya S, Chakraborty P. Tuberculous endometritis in hills of Darjeeling: a clinicopathological and bacteriological study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1993; 36: 361-369.##Punnonen R, Kiilholma P, Meurman L Female genital tuberculosis and consequent Infertility. Int J fertile 1983; 28: 235-238.##Nogales-Ortiz F, Ildefonso T, Nogales FF. The pathology of genital tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 422-428.##Gupta N, Sharma JB, Mittal S, Singh N, Misra R, Kukreja M. Genital tuberculosis in Indian infertility patients. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 97:135-138.##Saraswat P, Swarankar ML, Bhandari A, Soni RR. Detection of active female genital tuberculosis by molecular method. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2010; 1: B328-B334.##Padubidri V, Daftary SN. Tuberculosis of the Genital Tract. In: Howkins and Bourne, Shaw's. Textbook of Gynaecology. New Delhi: Churchill Livingstone; 1994: 155-164.##Tripathy SN, Tripathy SN. Genital involvement in pulmonary tuberculosis. Ind J Tub 1991; 38: 191-196.##Tripathy SN, Tripathy SN. Infertility and pregnancy outcome in female genital tuberculosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2002; 76: 159-163.##Zumla A, James G. Granulomatous infections: etiology and classification. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 146-158.##Gokhale S, Qadir S, Nagra JS, Chakraborty AK. Efficiency of cold staining method of AFB in sputum - a comparison with Ziehl Neelsen Method under field condition. Ind J Tub 1990; 37: 135-137.##Mondal SK, Dutta TK. A ten year clinicopathological study of female genital tuberculosis and impact on fertility. J Nepal Med Assoc 2009; 48: 52-57.##Chowdhury RG, Paine SK, Bhattacharjee B, Chatterjee S. Infestation of Endometrium by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacilli-Cause of Reproductive Failure. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2010; 3: 322-331.##Mohammad O, Almoujahed, Laurence E, Briski, Michael Prysak, Leonard B Johnson, Riad Khatib. Uterine Granulomas-Clinical and Pathologic Features. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117: 771-775.##Muechler M. Post-menopausal endometrial tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 1971; 38: 768-770.##Rozati R, Roopa S, Naga Rajeshwari Ch. Evaluation of women with infertility and genital tuberculosis. J Obstet Gynecol India 2006; 56: 423-426.## ##

Propagation of human germ stem cells in long-term culture تکثیر سلولهای بنیادی زاینده انسانی در کشت دراز مدت 2 1 مقدمه: سلولهای بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی بخشی از جمعیت سلولهای اسپرماتوگونی تمایز نیافته نوع A هستند که آغاز کننده پروسه پیچیده اسپرماتوژنز میباشند. مطالعات مختلفی در زمینه کشت این سلولها در محیط in vitro تاکنون انجام نشده است. اما مطالعات موجود در مورد اسپرماتوگونیهای انسانی محدود میباشد. هدف از کشت این سلولها و ازدیاد آنها در محیط کشت، پیوند این سلولها جهت درمان ناباروری در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پس پایان پروسه درمان است. هدف: در این مطالعه، کشت سلولهای بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی انسانی در محیط کشت به مدت شش هفته و شناسایی سلولهای بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی در محیط کشت با استفاده ار مارکرهای اختصاصی این سلولها شامل Oct4 و PLZF انجام شد. مواد و روشها: بافت بیضه انسانی گرفته شده از بیمار مرگ مغزی، با استفاده از هضم آنزیمی بوسیله کلاژناز تیپ 4 و تریپسین هضم گردید. سلولهای جدا شده با استفاده از محیط کشت StemPro34 غنی شده با مواد لازم جهت کشت سلولهای اسپرماتوگونی و فاکتورهای رشد از جمله GDNF، bFGF، EGF و LIF جهت کمک به تقسیمات خودنوزایی سلولهای بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی کشت داده شدند. مطالعات ایمونوهیستوشیمی برای تشخیص مارکر Oct4 در بافت بیضه و سلولهای اسپرماتوگونی در طول کشت انجام گردید. همینطور از واکنشهای زنجیرهای پلیمراز معکوس برای ژن PLZF جهت اثبات سلولهای اسپرماتوگونی در بافت و در طول کشت استفاده شد. نتایج: سلولهای بنیادی زاینده بافت بیضه انسانی، پس از کشت و تکثیر به مدت 6 هفته در محیط کشت همراه با فاکتورهای رشد اختصاصی، توسط مارکرهای اختصاصی این سلولهای بنیادی شامل Oct4 و PLZF شناسایی شدند. نتیجهگیری: سلولهای بنیادی اسپرماتوگونی انسانی قادرند در محیط کشت با استفاده از فاکتورهای تغذیهای مخصوص رشد این سلولها بدون تمایز رشد کرده و با تقسیمات خود نوزایی زیاد شوند. این سلولها مارکرهای اختصاصی خود را در طول کشت دراز مدت مطابق با بافت بیضه بیان میکنند. 2 Background: Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), a subset of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia, are the foundation of complex process of spermatogenesis and could be propagated in vitro culture conditions for long time for germ cell transplantation and fertility preservation. Objective: The aim of this study was in vitro propagation of human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and improvement of presence of human Germ Stem Cells (hGSCs) were assessed by specific markers POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 (POU5F1), also known as Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) and PLZF (Promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger protein). Materials and Methods: Human testicular cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion (Collagenase IV and Trypsin). Germ cells were cultured in Stem-Pro 34 media supplemented by growth factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor to support self-renewal divisions. Germline stem cell clusters were passaged and expanded every week. Immunofluorecent study was accomplished by Anti-Oct4 antibody through the culture. The spermatogonial stem cells genes expression, PLZF, was studied in testis tissue and germ stem cells entire the culture. Results: hGSCs clusters from a brain dead patient developed in testicular cell culture and then cultured and propagated up to 6 weeks. During the culture Oct4 were a specific marker for identification of hGSCs in testis tissue. Expression of PLZF was applied on RNA level in germ stem cells. Conclusion: hGSCs indicated by SSCs specific marker can be cultured and propagated for long-term in vitro conditions. 551 0 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/42018/03/4 1396/12/13 محمد مهدی آخوندی Mohammad Mehdi Akhondi Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ایران آرش مهذب Arash Mohazzab Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ایران محمود جدی تهرانی Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ایران محمدرضا صادقی Mohammad Reza Sadeghi Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ایران اکرم عیدی Akram Eidi Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ایران عباس خدادادی Abbas Khodadadi Research and Preparation Center, Iranian Tissue Bank, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran ایران زینب پیراور Zeinab Piravar Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ایران saba.piravar@gmail.com Human germ stem cells Human Spermatogonial stem cells SFM GDNF LIF OCT-4 PLZF. سلولهای بنیادی زاینده انسانی کشت طولانی مدت PLZF Oct4. Clermont Y. Renewal of spermatogonia in man. Am J Anat 1966; 118: 509-524.##Wu X, Goodyear SM, Tobias JW, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL. Spermatogonial Stem Cell Self-Renewal Requires ETV5-Mediated Downstream Activation of Brachyury in Mice. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:1114-1123.##Hofmann MC, Braydich-Stolle L, Dym M. Isolation of male germ-line stem cells; influence of GDNF. Dev Biol 2005; 279: 114-124.##Kubota H, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL. Growth factors essential for self-renewal and expansion of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 16489-16494.##Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Miki H, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Toyokuni S, Ogura A, et al. Long-term culture of mouse male germline stem cells under serum-or feeder-free conditions. Biol Reprod 2005; 72: 985-991.##Hermann BP, Sukhwani M, Lin CC, Sheng Y, Tomko J, Rodriguez M, et al. Characterization, cryopreservation, and ablation of spermatogonial stem cells in adult rhesus macaques. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 2330-2338.##Clermont Y. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man. Am J Anat 1963; 112: 35-51.##Clermont Y. Spermatogenesis in man. A study of the spermatogonial population. Fertil Steril 1966; 17: 705-721.##Clermont Y. Kinetics of spermatogenesis in mammals: seminiferous epithelium cycle and spermatogonial renewal. Physiol Rev 1972; 52: 198-236.##Dym M, Kokkinaki M, He Z. Spermatogonial stem cells: mouse and human comparisons. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2009; 87: 27-34.##Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ogonuki N, Morimoto H, Ogura A, Shinohara T. Serum- and feeder-free culture of mouse germline stem cells. Biol Reprod 2011; 84: 97-105.##Hermann BP, Sukhwani M, Simorangkir DR, Chu T, Plant TM, Orwig KE. Molecular dissection of the male germ cell lineage identifies putative spermatogonial stem cells in rhesus macaques. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 1704-1716.##Seandel M, James D, Shmelkov SV, Falciatori I, Kim J, Chavala S, et al. Generation of functional multipotent adult stem cells from GPR125+ germline progenitors. Nature 2007; 449: 346-350.##He Z, Kokkinaki M, Jiang J, Dobrinski I, Dym M. Isolation, characterization, and culture of human spermatogonia. Biol Reprod 2010; 82: 363-372.##Meng X, Lindahl M, Hyvönen ME, Parvinen M, de Rooij DG, Hess MW, et al. Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiated spermatogonia by GDNF. Science 2000; 287: 1489-1493.##Brinster RL, Avarbock MR. Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 11303-11307.##Brinster RL, Zimmermann JW. Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 11298-11302.##Dann CT, Alvarado AL, Molyneux LA, Denard BS, Garbers DL, Porteus MH. Spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal requires OCT4, a factor downregulated during retinoic acid-induced differentiation. Stem Cells 2008; 26: 2928-2937.##Sadri-Ardekani H, Mizrak S, van Daalen S, Korver C, Roepers-Gajadien H, Koruji M, et al. Propagation of Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells In Vitro. JAMA 2009; 302: 2127-2134.##Avarbock MR, Brinster CJ, Brinster RL. Reconstitution of spermatogenesis from frozen spermatogonial stem cells. Nat Med 1996; 2: 693-696.##Mizrak SC, Chikhovskaya JV, Sadri-Ardekani H, van Daalen S, Korver CM, Hovingh SE, et al. Embryonic stem cell-like cells derived from adult human testis. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 158-167.##Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ogonuki N, Iwano T, Lee J, Kazuki Y, Inoue K, et al. Genetic and epigenetic properties of mouse male germline stem cells during long-term culture. Development 2005; 132: 4155-4163.##Ebata KT, Yeh JR, Zhang X, Nagano MC. The application of biomarkers of spermatogonial stem cells for restoring male fertility. Dis Markers 2008; 24: 267-276.##Costoya JA, Hobbs RM, Barna M, Cattoretti G, Manova K, Sukhwani M, et al. Essential role of Plzf in maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells. Nat Genet 2004; 36: 653-659.## ##

The impact of different time intervals between hCG priming and oocyte retrieval on ART outcomes اثر وقفه های زمانی متفاوت بین تزریق گنادوتروپین جفتی انسان (hCG) و برداشت تخمک بر نتایج روش های کمک باروری (ART) 2 1 مقدمه: مورفولوژی غیرطبیعی تخمک با محیط هورمونی که گامت در معرض آن قرار میگیرد، مرتبط است. هدف: در این مطالعه، مورفولوژی تخمک، میزان لقاح، کیفیت جنین و میزان لانهگزینی حاصل از تخمکهای بدست آمده در زمانهای متفاوتی بعد از تزریق گنادوتروپین جفتی انسان (hCG) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. مواد و روشها: مجموعهای از 985 تخمک متافاز II، 35، 36، 37 و 38 ساعت بعد از تزریق hCG به ترتیب به عنوان گروه های 1، 2، 3 و 4 برداشت شدند. مورفولوژی تخمک به (I) مورفولوژی طبیعی، (II) ناهنجاریهای خارج سیتوپلاسمی، (III) ناهنجاریهای سیتوپلاسمی و (IV) واکوئلهای داخل سیتوپلاسمی تقسیم و در هر گروه تخمک ها مطابق با این طبقه بندی ارزیابی گردید. نتایج: ناهنجاریهای خارج سیتوپلاسمی در 17/76% و 31/1% از این تخمکها (به ترتیب گروههای 3 و 4، p=0/007) در مقایسه با 12/23% (گروه 2) دیده شد. ناهنجاریهای سیتوپلاسمی در گروه 4 بالاتر از سایر گروهها بود. 23/88% (p=0/039) و 43/25% (0/089=p) از 2PN (دو پیش هسته) حاصل از گروههای 3 و 4 به ترتیب درجه Z3 را در مقایسه با گروه 2 (16/44%) نشان دادند. گروههای متغیر و طبیعی از تخمکهای غیرطبیعی در میزان لقاح و کلیواژ تفاوت قابل ملاحظهای نداشت (p=0/061). با این حال گروه 4 تفاوت معنیداری در میزان فراگمنتاسیون جنینها (جنین با درجه III و IV) در مقایسه با گروه 2 (40/96% در مقابل 24/93%، 0/078=p) را نشان دادند. میزان حاملگی در گروههای G2 و G3 (به ترتیب 28/5 و 24/13%) بالاتر بود. نتیجهگیری: زمان برداشت تخمک به دنبال تزریق hCG بر مورفولوژی تخمک، الگوی 2PN و متعاقبا کیفیت جنین اثر میگذارد. هم میزان تشکیل جنین با کیفیت خوب و هم نتایج حاملگی به طورقابل توجهی بالاتر بود زمانیکه در برنامه ART تخمک ها 36 ساعت بعد از تزریق hCG برداشت شدند. 2 Background: Abnormal oocyte morphology has been associated with the hormonal environment to which the gametes are exposed. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the oocytes morphology, fertilization rate, embryos quality, and implantation rate resulted of retrieved oocytes in different times after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration. Materials and Methods: A total of 985 metaphase II oocytes were retrieved 35, 36, 37 and 38 h after the injection of HCG as groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Oocyte morphology was divided into (I) normal morphology, (II) extracytoplasmic abnormalities, (III) cytoplasmic abnormalities and (IV) intracytoplasmic vacuoles and in each group, oocytes were evaluated according to this classification. Results: Extracytoplasmic abnormalities were encountered in 17.76% and 31.1% of these oocytes (groups 3 and 4 respectively, p=0.007) in comparison with 12.23% group 2. Cytoplasmic abnormalities in group 4 were higher than other groups. 23.88% (p=0.039) and 43.25% (p=0.089) of resulted 2PN (two pronucleus) from groups 3 and 4 showed grade Z3 respectively in comparison to group 2 (16.44%). Normal and various categories of abnormal oocytes did not differ regarding fertilization and cleavage rates (p=0.061). However, group 4 showed significant difference in the rate of embryos fragmentation (grade III and IV embryo) in comparison with group 2 (40.96% vs. 24.93%, p=0.078). The pregnancy rate was higher in G2 and G3 groups (28.5 and 24.13% respectively). Conclusion: Oocyte retrieval time following HCG priming affected on oocyte morphology, 2PN pattern and embryos qualities subsequently. Both good quality embryo formation and pregnancy outcomes were noticeably higher when oocytes were retrieved 36 h after HCG priming in ART program. 559 0 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/4 1396/12/13 فاطمه قاسمیان Fatemeh Ghasemian Biology Faculty, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran ایران رویا فرجی Roya Faraji Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Educational and Remedial Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran ایران مریم اصغرنیا Maryam Asgharnia Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Educational and Remedial Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran ایران زیبا ظهیری Ziba Zahiri Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Educational and Remedial Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran ایران محمدهادی بهادری Mohammad Hadi Bahadori Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Educational and Remedial Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran ایران Bahadori@gums.ac.ir Oocyte retrieval time Human Chorionic Gonadotropin priming time Oocyte morphology Embryo quality Assisted reproductive technique زمان برداشت تخمک زمان تزریق hCG مورفولوژی تخمک کیفیت جنین ART. Wang W, Zhang XH, Wang WH, Liu YL, Zhao LH, Xue SL, et al. The time interval between hCG priming and oocyte retrival in ART program: a meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28: 901-910.##Balaban B, Urman B, Sertae A, Alatas C, Aksoy S, Mercan R. oocyte morphology does not affect fertilization rate, embryo quality and implantation rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 3431-3433.##De Sutter P, Dozortsev D, Quin C, Dhont M. Oocyte morphology does not correlate with fertilization rate and embryo quality after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 595-597.##Serhal PF, Ranieri DM, Kinis A, Marchant S, Davies M, Khadum LM. Oocyte morphology predicts outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1267-1270.##World Health Organization. Temporal relationships between ovulation and defined changes in the concentration of plasma Oe2-17β, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 383-390.##Van Steirteghem AC, Nagy Z, Joris H, Liu J, Staessen C, Smitz J, et al. High fertilization and implantation rate after ICSI. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 1061-1066.##Scott L, Alvero R, Leondires M, Miller B. The morphology of human pronuclear embryos is positively related to blastocyst development and implantation. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2394-2403.##Staessen C, Camus M, Bollen N, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC. The relationship between embryo quality and the occurrence of multiple pregnancies. Fertil Steril 1992; 3: 626-630.##Thibault C. Are follicular maturation and oocyte maturation independence processes? J Reprod Fertil 1977; 51: 1-15.##Beretsos P, Partsinevelos GA, Arabatzi E, Drakakis P, Mavrogianni D, Anagnostou E, et al. "hCG priming" effect in controlled ovarian stimulation through a long protocol. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7: 91.##Hillier SG. Paracrine support of ovarian stimulation. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15: 843-850.##Hillier SG. Gonadotropic control of ovary and follicular growth and development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 179: 39-46.##Lossl K, Andersen AN, Loft A, Freiesleben NL, Bangsboll S, Andersen CY. Androgen priming using aromatase inhibitor and hCG during early-follicular-phase GnRH antagonist down-regulation in modified antagonist protocols. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2593-2600.##Santos MA, Kuijk EW, Macklon NS. The impact of ovarian stimulation for IVF on the developing embryo. Reproduction 2010; 139: 23-34.## ##

Nonoxynol-9 berberine plural gel has little effect on expression of SLPI, SP-D and lactoferrin in mice’s vagina ژل Nonoxynol-9 berberine plural اثر کمی روی بیان SLPI، Sp-D و لاکتوفرین در واژن موش دارد 2 1 مقدمه: پرمصرفترین ژل کشنده اسپرم Nonoxylon-9 (N-9) است که فلور واژن را تغییر داده و می تواند منجر به افزایش ریسک عفونت گردد. بنابراین تولید یک داروی کشنده اسپرم و میکروباکتریال جدید لازم می باشد. ایمنی موضعی واژن قسمتی مهم از فلور واژن است. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)، surfactant proteins D (SP-D) و لاکتوفرین مولکولهای ضد میکروبی با نقش مهم در سیستم ایمنی واژن خانمها میباشند. هدف: هدف از انجام این مطالعه، مشاهده اثر ژل N-9 واژنی بر روی بیان SLPI، SP-D در واژن موش بود. مواد و روشها: موشهای ماده BALB/C به صورت تصادفی به 5 گروه تقسیم شدند: گروه کنترل نرمال، گروه ژل بلانک، گروه ژل باربرین، گروه ژل N-9 12% و گروه ژل N-9 باربرین و تزریق زیرپوستی بنزوات استرادیل با دوز فیزیولوژی به تمام گروهها انجام شد. بعد از 72 ساعت ژلها جداگانه به واژن موشها تزریق و ایمنوهیستوشیمی وسترن بلات جهت تشخیص بیان 3 مشخصه در واژن موشها بعد از 24 و 72 ساعت از تزریق ژل به کار گرفته شد. نتایج: تفاوت آماری معنیداری در سه ایندکس بین گروه کنترل و گروه ژل بلانک وجود نداشت (0/05<p). بیان سه ایندکس در گروه ژل N-9 12% در مقایسه با گروه ژل بلانک کاهش داشت (0/05<p). تفاوت در سه ایندکس بین گروه ژل N-9 باربرین و گروه ژل بلانک از نظر آماری معنیدار نبود (0/05<p). همچنین سطوح هر 3 ایندکس در 24 و 72 ساعت پس از درمان در گروه های تحت مشاهده تفاوت معنیداری نداشتند. نتیجهگیری: مصرف N-9 باربرین ژل اثر کمی بر روی پپتیدهای ضد میکروبی در واژن موش های طبیعی دارد. 2 Background: The most frequently used spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) in the clinic alters the vaginal flora, which will result in an increased risk of opportunistic infection. So development of a novel spermicidal and microbicidal drug appears to be inevitable. Vaginal local immune is an important part of vaginal flora. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), surfactant proteins D (SP-D), and lactoferrin (LF) are anti-microbial molecules with important roles in immune system of female vaginas. Objective: To observe effect of a vaginal spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9) berberine plural gel on the expression of SLPI SP-D and LF in mice’s vaginas. Materials and Methods: Female BABL/C mice were randomly divided into following 5 groups: normal control group, blank gel group, berberine gel group, 12% N-9 gel group and N-9 berberine plural gel group. Estradiol benzoate at physiological dose was done by hypodermic injection to every group’s mice. After 72h, drug gels were separately injected into the mice’s vaginas, while immunohistochemistry and Western blot were taken to detect the expression of the 3 indexes in mice’s vaginas respectively after 24h and 72h of gel injection. Results: The differences in the three indexes between normal control group and blank gel group were not significant statistically (p>0.05). The expression of the three indexes in 12% N-9 gel group was decreased compared to that in blank gel group (p<0.05). The differences in the three indexes between N-9 berberine plural gel group and blank gel group were not significant statistically (p>0.05). Also, the three index's level of 24h and 72h in sub observation groups after treatment were without statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: Application of N-9 berberine plural gel had little impact on antimicrobial peptides in normal mice’s vaginas. 565 0 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/4 1396/12/13 Qiao Yuan Qiao Yuan Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital. Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China Chen Zhuo Chen Zhuo Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital. Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China chenz@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn Ma Yonggui Ma Yonggui Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China Lu Fuer Lu Fuer Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital. Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China Chen Suhua Chen Suhua Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China Huang Guangying Huang Guangying Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital. Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China Vagina Anti-infective agents Mice Berberine Nonoxynol-9. واژن عوامل ضدمیکروبی موش-باربرین Nonoxynol-9. Hickey DK, Patel MV, Fahey JV, Wira CR. Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88: 185-194.##Baptista M, Ramalho-Santos J. Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds. Mini Rev Med Chem 2009; 9: 1556-1567.##Iyer V, Poddar SS. Update on nonoxynol-9 as vaginal spermicide. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008; 13: 339-350.##Aitken RJ, Carey AJ, Beagley KW. Dual purpose contraceptives: targeting fertility and sexually transmitted disease. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88: 228-232.##Abdool KS, Richardson BA, Ramjee G, Hoffman IF, Chirenje ZM, Taha T, et al. Safety and effectiveness of BufferGel and 0.5% PRO2000 gel for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Aids 2011; 25: 957-966.##Obiero J, Mwethera PG, Wiysonge CS. Topical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 6: D7961.##Chen Z, Wang R, Ma YG. [Spermicidal and antifertility effects of Jieze NO.2 jel in rabbits]. Matern Child Health Care China 2009; 27: 3855-3858. (In Chinese)##Kong XF, Chen Z, Xu P. [Spermicidal effect of Jieze NO.2 in vitro and its intravaginal contraceptive effect in rats]. Matern Child Health Care China 2009; 29: 4140-4143. (In Chinese)##Chen Z, Wang R, Ma YG, Kong XF, Lu FE, Huang GY. [The effect of Jieze NO.2 jel on trichomonas vaginitis in rats]. Matern Child Health Care China 2009; 5: 344-346. (in Chinese)##Chen Z, Wang R, Ma YG. [Effect of Jieze NO.2 on trichomonas vaginitis in vitro]. Maternal Child Health Care China 2009; 3: 344-346. (In Chinese)##Chen Z, Kong XF, Wang R. [Investigation on prevention effects of Jieze NO.2 on candida albicans vaginitis]. Matern Child Health Care China 2009; 6: 788-790. (In Chinese)##Buckner LR, Schust DJ, Ding J, Nagamatsu T, Beatty W, Chang TL, et al. Innate immune mediator profiles and their regulation in a novel polarized immortalized epithelial cell model derived from human endocervix. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 92: 8-20.##Fidel PJ, Cutright J, Steele C. Effects of reproductive hormones on experimental vaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 651-657.##Kumar R, Vicari M, Gori I, Achtari C, Fiche M, Surbeck I, et al. Compartmentalized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor expression and hormone responses along the reproductive tract of postmenopausal women. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 92: 88-96.## ##15. Imanshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine. Phytother Res 2008; 22: 999-1012.##Yan D, Jin C, Xiao XH, Dong XP. Antimicrobial properties of berberines alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch by microcalorimetry. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2008; 70: 845-849.##Iwasa K, Nanba H, Lee DU, Kang SI. Structure-activity relationships of protoberberines having antimicrobial activity. Planta Med 1998; 64: 748-751.##Wei H, Chen Z, Xu P, Ma YG, Xu LJ. Effect of Jieze No.1 on cervicitis caused by ureaplasma urealyticum and on ureaplasma urealyticum in vitro. Chin J Integr Med 2008; 14: 88-93.##Phillips DM, Sudol KM, Taylor CL, Guichard L, Elsen R, Maguire RA. Lubricants containing N-9 may enhance rectal transmission of HIV and other STIs. Contraception 2004; 70: 107-110.##Roberts JN, Buck CB, Thompson CD, Kines R, Bernardo M, Choyke PL, et al. Genital transmission of HPV in a mouse model is potentiated by nonoxynol-9 and inhibited by carrageenan. Nat Med 2007; 13: 857-861.##Beer BE, Doncel GF, Krebs FC, Shattock RJ, Fletcher PS, Buckheit RJ, et al. In vitro preclinical testing of nonoxynol-9 as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide: a retrospective analysis of results from five laboratories. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 713-723.##Wira CR, Patel MV, Ghosh M, Mukura L, Fahey JV. Innate immunity in the human female reproductive tract: endocrine regulation of endogenous antimicrobial protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 196-211.##King AE, Wheelhouse N, Cameron S, McDonald SE, Lee KF, Entrican G, et al. Expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and elafin in human fallopian tube and in an in-vitro model of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 679-686.##Nishimura J, Saiga H, Sato S, Okuyama M, Kayama H, Kuwata H, et al. Potent antimycobacterial activity of mouse secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. J Immunol 2008; 180: 4032-4039.##Jenssen H, Hancock RE. Antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin. Biochimie 2009; 91: 19-29.##Sandrini SM, Shergill R, Woodward J, Muralikuttan R, Haigh RD, Lyte M, et al. Elucidation of the mechanism by which catecholamine stress hormones liberate iron from the innate immune defense proteins transferrin and lactoferrin. J Bacteriol 2010; 192: 587-594.##Kishore U, Greenhough TJ, Waters P, Shrive AK, Ghai R, Kamran MF, et al. Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D: structure, function and receptors. Mol Immunol 2006; 43: 1293-1315.##Tecle T, White MR, Gantz D, Crouch EC, Hartshorn KL. 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Zinc therapy improves adverse effects of long term administration of copper on epididymal sperm quality of rats درمان با روی اثرات مضر ناشی از تجویز طولانی مدت مس بر کیفیت اسپرم های اپیدیدیمی موش های صحرایی را بهبود می بخشد 2 1 مقدمه: مصرف مس با منشأ صنعتی، شکل رایج مسمومیت در حیوانات است. روی نقش مهمی در فیزیولوژی اسپرماتوزوا، تولید و بقای اسپرم دارد. هدف: این مطالعه طراحی گردید تا جستجو کند که آیا از اثرات مضر مصرف طولانی مدت مس بر کیفیت اسپرمهای موش صحرایی با روی درمانی پیشگیری میشود؟ مواد و روشها: 48 موش نر بالغ (با سن 8-6 هفته) به صورت تصادفی به گروه شاهد (12=n) و 3 گروه درمانی هر کدام شامل 12 حیوان تقسیم شدند. حیوانات در اولین گروه درمانی با سولفات مس گاواژ گردیدند، به گروه دوم سولفات روی تزریق شد و گروه سوم ترکیب مس و روی را دریافت کردند. به حیوانات گروه شاهد سالین نرمال با حجم و روش مشابه گروههای درمانی داده شد. شش موش صحرایی از هر گروه در روزهای 28 و 56 پس از شروع درمانها کشتار شدند تا برای ارزیابی کیفیت اسپرم استفاده شوند. نتایج: علیرغم کاهش وزن بیضهها 56 روز پس از مصرف مس در مقایسه با گروه شاهد (0/002=p)، اختلاف معنیداری بین گروه شاهد و گروه درمانی ترکیب مس و روی وجود نداشت (0/55±31/40 در برابر 0/55±28/63، 0/151=p). تجویز مس باعث کاهش معنیدار در تعداد اسپرمها، بقا و حرکت آنها 56 روز پس از شروع درمانها در مقایسه با گروه شاهد گردید. در عین حال بهبود کاملی در شمارش تعداد اسپرمهای گروه درمانی ترکیب مس و روی 56 روز پس از شروع درمان در مقایسه با گروه شاهد مشاهده شد (0/999=p) و یک بهبود نسبی در درصد بقا و حرکت نیز دیده شد (0/001>p). نتیجهگیری: از اثرات مخرب مصرف طولانی مدت مس بر کیفیت اسپرم با روی درمانی میتواندممانعت نمود. 2 Background: Industrial copper ingest is a common form of poisoning in animals. Zinc has an important role in the physiology of spermatozoa, in sperm production and viability. Objective: This study was set to investigate whether the adverse effects of long term copper consumption on quality of rat spermatozoa could be prevented by zinc therapy. Materials and Methods: Forty eight mature (6-8 weeks old) male rats were randomly allocated to either control (Cont, n=12) or three treatment groups each containing twelve animals. Animals in the first treatment group was gavaged with copper sulfate, the second treatment group was injected with zinc sulfate, and the third treatment group was given combined treatment of copper and zinc. Control animals received normal saline using the same volume and similar methods. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on day 28 and 56 after treatments for sperm quality evaluations. Results: In spite of testicular weight reduction 56 days after copper consumption in comparison to the control group (p=0.002), there was not a significant difference between the control and combined treatment of copper and zinc group (31.40±0.55 vs. 28.63±0.55, p=0.151). Administration of copper caused a significant decrease in the sperm count, viability and motility after 56 days compared to the control group. However, a complete recovery in sperm count was seen in combined treatment of copper and zinc group after 56 days compared to the control group (p=0.999) and a partial improvement was seen about the percentage of viability and motility (p<0.001). Conclusion: Adverse effects of long term consumption of copper on sperm quality could be prevented by zinc therapy in rats. 577 0 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/4 1396/12/13 همایون بابایی Homayoon Babaei Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran ایران Babaei_H@mail.uk.ac.ir جلیل آبشناس Jalil Abshenas Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran ایران Copper toxicosis Zinc sulfate Sperm Rat مسمومیت با مس روی اسپرم موش صحرایی. Elgerwi A, Bires J, Levkut M. Industrial copper intoxication in sheep: clinical and pathological findings. Acta Vet Brno 1999; 68: 197-202.##Boubsil S, Abdennour C, Tegurin M. Assessment of some blood biomarkers of workmen from a copper wire factory. Annals Biol Res 2011; 2: 164-169.##Bidewell C, Livesey C. Copper poisoning: anemerging disease in dairy cattle. State Vet J 2002; 12: 16-19.##Sakhaee E, Emadi L, Abshenas J, Kheirandish R, Azari O, Amiri E. Evaluation of epididymal sperm quality following experimentally induced copper poisoning in male rats. Andrologia 2012; 44 (Suppl.): 110-116.##Kupper J, Bidaut A, Waldvogel A, Emmenegger B, Naegeli H. [Treatment of chronic copper poisoning in dairy sheep with oral ammonium molybdate and sodium sulphate ]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2005; 147: 219-224. (in German)##Christodoulopoulos G, Roubies N. Diagnosis and treatment of copper poisoning caused by accidental feeding on poultry litter in a sheep flock. Aust Vet J 2007; 85: 451-453.##Lewis-Jones DI, Aird IA, Biljan MM, Kingsland CR. Effects of sperm activity on zinc and fructose concentrations in seminal plasma. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 2465-2467.##Bjorndahl L, Kvist U. A model for the importance of zinc in the dynamics of human sperm chromatin stabilization after ejaculation in relation to sperm DNA vulnerability. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2011; 57: 86-92.##Bremner I, Marshall RB. Hepatic copper- and zinc-binding proteins in ruminants. Relationship between Cu and Zn concentrations and the occurrence of a metallothionein-like fraction. Br J Nutr 1974; 32: 293-300.##Bremner I, Young BW, Mills CF. Protective effect of zinc supplementation against copper toxicosis in sheep. Br J Nutr 1976; 36: 551-561.##Ghasemi N, Babaei H, Azizallahi S, Kheradmand A. Effect of long-term administration of zinc after scrotal heating on mice spermatozoa and subsequent offspring quality. Andrologia 2009; 41: 222-228.##Sullivan JM, Janovitz EB, Robinson FR. Copper toxicosis in veal calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991; 3: 161-164.##Hamar DW, Bedwell CL, Johnson JL, Schultheiss PC, Raisbeck M, Grotelueschen DM, et al. Iatrogenic copper toxicosis induced by administering copper oxide boluses to neonatal calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9: 441-443.##Steffen DJ, Carlson MP, Casper HH. Copper toxicosis in suckling beef calves associated with improper administration of copper oxide boluses. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9: 443-446.##Minervino AH, Barreto Junior RA, Ferreira RN, Rodrigues FA, Headley SA, Mori CS, et al. Clinical observations of cattle and buffalos with experimentally induced chronic copper poisoning. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87: 473-478.##Araya M, Kelleher SL, Arredondo MA, Sierralta W, Vial MT, Uauy R, et al. Effects of chronic copper exposure during early life in rhesus monkeys. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 1065-1071.##Lohmiller JJ, Swing SP. Reproduction and Breeding. In: Suckow MA, Weisbroth SH, Franklin CL (eds) The Laboratory Rat. 2nd Ed. Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK, 2006; 153.##Wu W, Zhang Y, Zhang F. [Studies on semen quality in workers exposed to manganese and electric welding]. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsuch Tsa Chih 1996; 30: 266-271. (in Chinese)##Zhang SS, Noordin MM, Rahman SO, Haron J. Effects of copper overload on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 2000; 42: 261-264.##Linder MC, Hazegh-Azam M. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 797S-811S.##Pourahmad J, O'Brien PJ. A comparison of hepatocyte cytotoxic mechanisms for Cu2+ and Cd2+. Toxicology 2000; 143: 263-273.##Gaetke LM, Chow CK. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology 2003; 189: 147-163.##Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239-257.##Aston NS, Watt N, Morton IE, Tanner MS, Evans GS. Copper toxicity affects proliferation and viability of human hepatoma cells (HepG2 line). Hum Exp Toxicol 2000; 19: 367-376.##Kang J, Lin C, Chen J, Liu Q. Copper induces histone hypoacetylation through directly inhibiting histone acetyltransferase activity. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 148: 115-123.##Shaheen AA, el-Fattah AA. Effect of dietary zinc on lipid peroxidation, glutathione, protein thiols levels and superoxide dismutase activity in rat tissues. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27: 89-95.##Sokol RJ, Devereaux M, Mierau GW, Hambidge KM, Shikes RH. Oxidant injury to hepatic mitochondrial lipids in rats with dietary copper overload. Modification by vitamin E deficiency. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1061-1071.##Burke JP, Fenton MR. Effect of a zinc-deficient diet on lipid peroxidation in liver and tumor subcellular membranes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1985; 179: 187-191.##Mankad M, Sathawara NG, Doshi H, Saiyed HN, Kumar S. Seminal plasma zinc concentration and alpha-glucosidase activity with respect to semen quality. Biol Trace Elem Res 2006; 110: 97-106.##Kendall NR, McMullen S, Green A, Rodway RG. The effect of a zinc, cobalt and selenium soluble glass bolus on trace element status and semen quality of ram lambs. Anim Reprod Sci 2000; 62: 277-283.##Zhao RP, Xiong CL. [Zinc content analysis in serum, seminal plasma and spermatozoa of asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic patients]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2005; 11: 680-682. (in Chinese)##Chia SE, Ong CN, Chua LH, Ho LM, Tay SK. Comparison of zinc concentrations in blood and seminal plasma and the various sperm parameters between fertile and infertile men. J Androl 2000; 21: 53-57.##Hafez ESE, Hafez B. Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA; 2000.##Hidiroglou M, Knipfel JE. Zinc in mammalian sperm: a review. J Dairy Sci 1984; 67: 1147-1156.##Sharif R, Thomas P, Zalewski P, Fenech M. The role of zinc in genomic stability. Mutat Res 2012; 733: 111-121.##Favier AE. The role of zinc in reproduction. Hormonal mechanisems. 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Effect of body massage on increase of low birth weight neonates growth parameters: A randomized clinical trial ارزیابی کارآیی ماساژ بدن در افزایش شاخص های رشد کودکان با کم وزنی موقع تولد : یک کارآزمایی بالینی 2 1 مقدمه: بستری شدن نوزادان کم وزن در بخش مراقبتهای ویژه نوزادان باعث محرومیت آنها از تماس و تحریک لمسی حسی میشود. هدف: این مطالعه به منظور بررسی کارآیی ماساژ بدن در افزایش شاخصهای رشد (وزن، قد و دور سر) کودکان باکم وزنی موقع تولد در شهر یزد صورت گرفت. مواد و روشها: این کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی بر روی نوزادان باکم وزنی موقع تولد بستری شده در بخش مراقبتهای ویژه نوزادان بیمارستان شهید صدوقی از فروردین تا شهریور1390 صورت گرفت. این نوزادان به صورت تصادفی به دوگروه تقسیم شدند. در یک گروه، 20 نوزاد برای 14 روز متوالی سه بار در روز توسط مادر ماساژ داده شدند و در گروه دیگر مداخله شامل مراقبتهای روزمره استاندارد بود که به عنوان گروه کنترل در نظر گرفته شدند. پیامدهای اولیه شامل کارآیی در افزایش وزن، قد و دورسر بود که در 14 روز پس از مداخله، در سن دو و چهار ماهگی اندازهگیری میشد. پیامد ثانویه شامل عوارض جانبی کلینیکی بود. نتایج: 17دختر و 23 پسر با میانگین سن حاملگی 1/22±34/4 هفته بررسی شدند. در گروه با ماساژ بدن، فقط وزن در دو ماهگی بیش از گروه کنترل بود (میانگین±انحراف معیار: 305±3250 گرم در برابر 121±2948 گرم و 0/005=p). در هیچیک از گروهها عوارض جانبی دیده نشد. نتیجهگیری: ماساژ بدن میتواند به عنوان یک مداخله غیر دارویی مؤثر در بهبود سرعت رشد وزنی نوزادان کم وزن استفاده شود. 2 Background: Admission of low birth-weight (LBW) neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) causes their deprivation of tactile and sensory stimulation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of body massage on growth parameters (weight, height and head circumference) gain velocity of LBW in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial study was conducted on LBW neonates whom were admitted to NICU of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran from March to December 2011. Neonates were randomly assigned to two groups. In group one, 20 neonates were received massage three times in a day for consecutive 14 days by their mothers. In group two, intervention consisted of standard and routine care as control group. The primary endpoints were efficacy in increase of mean of weight, height and head circumference that were evaluated 14 days after intervention, at ages one and two months. Secondary outcome was clinical side effects. Results: 17 girls and 23 boys with mean gestational age of 34.4±1.22 weeks were evaluated. In the body massage group, only weight at the age of two months was significantly higher than the control group (mean±SD: 3250±305 vs. 2948±121 gr, p=0.005). No adverse events were seen in the two groups. Conclusion: Body massage might be used as an effective and safe non-medical intervention for increasing of weight gain velocity in LBW preterm neonates. 583 0 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/4 1396/12/13 صدیقه اخوان کرباسی Sedighah Akhavan Karbasi Department of Pediatrics, Growth Disorders of Children Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران مطهره گلستان Motahhareh Golestan Department of Pediatrics, Growth Disorders of Children Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران راضیه فلاح Razieh Fallah Department of Pediatrics, Growth Disorders of Children Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران fallah@ssu.ac.ir محمد گلشن Mohammad Golshan Ali-ebn-Abitaleb School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran ایران زینب السادات دهقان Zinabossadat Dehghan Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران Low birth weight Massage Weight Height Head Circumference کم وزنی موقع تولد ماساژ وزن قد دور سر. Islami Z, Fallah R, Mosavian T, Pahlavanzadeh MR. Growth parameters of NICU admitted low birth weight preterm neonates at corrected ages of 6 and 12 month. Iran J Reprod Med 2012; 10: 459-464.##Waldemar A. Carlo. The high-risk infant. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, Schor NF, St. Geme JW, Behrman RE. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th Ed. Philadelphia, Saunders; 2011: 698-711.##Bellamy C. UNICEF. The state of the world's children, 2000. Progress since the World Summit for Children: A statistical review. New York: United Nations Children's Fund, 2001. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/sowc00.##Golestan M, Fallah R, Akhavan Karbasi S. Neonatal mortality of low birth weight infants in Yazd, Iran. Iran J Reprod Med 2008; 6: 205-208.##Vickers A, Ohlsson A, Lacy JB, Horsley A. Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 2: CD000390.##Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review. Infant Behav Dev 2010; 33: 115-124.##Kulkarni A, Kaushik JS, Gupta P, Sharma H, Agrawal RK. Massage and touch therapy in neonates: the current evidence. Indian Pediatr 2010; 47: 771-776.##Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-ReifM. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 50-55.##Lahat S, Mimouni FB, Ashbel G, Dollberg S. Energy expenditure in growing preterm infants receiving massage therapy. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26: 356-359.##Badiee Z, Samsamshariat S, Pourmorshed P. [Massage therapy by mother or nurse: effect on weight gain in premature infants]. J Isfahan Med School 2011; 29: 804-810. (In Persian)##Hosseinzadeh Kh, Azima S, Keshavarz T, Karamizadeh Z, Zare N. The effects of massage on the process of physical growth among low-weight neonates. J Isfahan Med School 2012; 29: 1-8. (In Persian)##Javadifar N, Faal siahkal SH, Tadayon M, Dehdashtian M, Latifi M. [The effect of massage with coconut oil on weight gain in preterm neonate]. Jundishapur Sci Med J 2009; 2: 247-254. (In Persian)##Golchin M, Rafati P, Taheri P, Nahavandinezhad S. [Effect of deep massage on increasing body weight in low birth weight infants]. Feyz 2010; 14: 46-50. (In Persian)##Narenji F, Rouzbahani N. The effects of massage therapy on weight gain and sleep behaviors in infants. Koomesh 2008; 9: 279-284. (In Persian)##Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr 2005; 42: 1092-1100.##Sankaranarayanan K, Mondkar JA, Chauhan MM, Mascarenhas BM, Mainkar AR, Salvi RY. Oil massage in neonates: an open randomized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil. Indian Pediatr 2005; 42: 877-884.##Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw 2010; 29: 359-366.##Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kinesthetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2009; 29: 352-357.##Saeedi R, Gholami M, Dinparvar Sh, Kabirian M. Short communication: transcutaneous feeding: the effect of massage with coconut oil on weight gaining in preterm newborns. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2011; 13: 666-669.##Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Potential underlying mechanisms for greater weight gain in massaged preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev 2011; 34: 383-389.##Schulzke SM, Trachsel D, PatoleSK. Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 18: CD005387.##Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol 2008; 28: 815-820.##Soriano CR, Martinez FE, Jorge SM. Cutaneous application of vegetable oil as a coadjutant in the nutritional management of preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31: 387-390.##Islami Z, Fallah R, Mosavian T, Pahlavanzadeh MR. Growth parameters of NICU admitted low birth weight preterm neonates at corrected ages of 6 and 12 month. Iran J Reprod Med 2012; 10: 459-464.##Waldemar A. Carlo. The high-risk infant. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, Schor NF, St. Geme JW, Behrman RE. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th Ed. Philadelphia, Saunders; 2011: 698-711.##Bellamy C. UNICEF. The state of the world's children, 2000. Progress since the World Summit for Children: A statistical review. New York: United Nations Children's Fund, 2001. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/sowc00.##Golestan M, Fallah R, Akhavan Karbasi S. Neonatal mortality of low birth weight infants in Yazd, Iran. Iran J Reprod Med 2008; 6: 205-208.##Vickers A, Ohlsson A, Lacy JB, Horsley A. Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 2: CD000390.##Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review. Infant Behav Dev 2010; 33: 115-124.##Kulkarni A, Kaushik JS, Gupta P, Sharma H, Agrawal RK. Massage and touch therapy in neonates: the current evidence. Indian Pediatr 2010; 47: 771-776.##Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-ReifM. Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged preterm neonates. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 50-55.##Lahat S, Mimouni FB, Ashbel G, Dollberg S. Energy expenditure in growing preterm infants receiving massage therapy. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26: 356-359.##Badiee Z, Samsamshariat S, Pourmorshed P. [Massage therapy by mother or nurse: effect on weight gain in premature infants]. J Isfahan Med School 2011; 29: 804-810. (In Persian)##Hosseinzadeh Kh, Azima S, Keshavarz T, Karamizadeh Z, Zare N. The effects of massage on the process of physical growth among low-weight neonates. J Isfahan Med School 2012; 29: 1-8. (In Persian)##Javadifar N, Faal siahkal SH, Tadayon M, Dehdashtian M, Latifi M. [The effect of massage with coconut oil on weight gain in preterm neonate]. Jundishapur Sci Med J 2009; 2: 247-254. (In Persian)##Golchin M, Rafati P, Taheri P, Nahavandinezhad S. [Effect of deep massage on increasing body weight in low birth weight infants]. Feyz 2010; 14: 46-50. (In Persian)##Narenji F, Rouzbahani N. The effects of massage therapy on weight gain and sleep behaviors in infants. Koomesh 2008; 9: 279-284. (In Persian)##Arora J, Kumar A, Ramji S. Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates. Indian Pediatr 2005; 42: 1092-1100.##Sankaranarayanan K, Mondkar JA, Chauhan MM, Mascarenhas BM, Mainkar AR, Salvi RY. Oil massage in neonates: an open randomized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil. Indian Pediatr 2005; 42: 877-884.##Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Netw 2010; 29: 359-366.##Massaro AN, Hammad TA, Jazzo B, Aly H. Massage with kinesthetic stimulation improves weight gain in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2009; 29: 352-357.##Saeedi R, Gholami M, Dinparvar Sh, Kabirian M. Short communication: transcutaneous feeding: the effect of massage with coconut oil on weight gaining in preterm newborns. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2011; 13: 666-669.##Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Potential underlying mechanisms for greater weight gain in massaged preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev 2011; 34: 383-389.##Schulzke SM, Trachsel D, PatoleSK. Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 18: CD005387.##Mendes EW, Procianoy RS. Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates. J Perinatol 2008; 28: 815-820.##Soriano CR, Martinez FE, Jorge SM. Cutaneous application of vegetable oil as a coadjutant in the nutritional management of preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31: 387-390.## ##

Decline of semen quality and increase of leukocytes with cigarette smoking in infertile men کاهش کیفیت و افزایش لکوسیت های سیمن با کشیدن سیگار در مردان نابارور 2 1 مقدمه: مطالعات قبلی درباره اثرات سیگار روی کیفیت سیمن نتایج متغیری نتشان داده است و هنوز علت اثرات مضر سیگار روی کیفیت سیمن نامشخص است. هدف: هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی ارتباط سیگار و باروری، بررسی اثرات سیگار روی پارامترهای اسپرم و حضور لکوسیتها در سیمن در مردان نابارور با علت نامشخص در شمال شرق چین میباشد. مواد و روشها: یک مطالعه مقطعی بر روی 1512 مرد که به اولین، دومین و سومین ببیمارستان دانشگاه جیلین مراجعه کرده بودند انجام شد. بیماران به دو گروه غیرسیگاری و سیگاری تقسیم و گروه سیگاری به زیرگروههای ملایم، متوسط و شدید تقسیم شدند. پارامترهای اسپرم (به علاوه لکوسیتها) و آنالیز مورفولوژی اسپرم بهوسیله تکنیکهای استاندارد انجام شد. نتایج: در مقایسه با غیرسیگاریها؛ بیماران سیگاری کاهش معنی دار در حجم سیمن (0/006=p)، حرکت کند پیشرونده (0/002=p) و زنده بودن اسپرم (0/019=p) را نشان دادند. بهعلاوه سیگاریها یک افزایش معنیدار در میزان اسپرمهای متحرک (005/0=p) و لکوسیتهای اسپرم (0/002=p) داشتند. با افزایش میزان مصرف سیگار، لکوسیتهای سیمن به تدریج افزایش یافت و pH و تراکم اسپرم کمتر شد ولی این تغییرات معنیدار نبود (0/789=p و0/279=p به ترتیب). تمام پارامترهای اسپرم در سیگاریها کمتر بود بهجز BCF که در آن VAP، LIN، WOB و STR معنیدار بود (0/020=p، 0/024=p، 0/006=p و 0/035=p به ترتیب). همچنین مورفولوژی نرمال بهطور معنیداری در سیگاریها کاهش یافت (0/003=p) و این کاهش با افزایش میزان مصرف سیگار افزایش مییابد. نتیجهگیری: یافتهها بیانگر این است که سیگار منجر به کاهش کیفیت سیمن و افزایش میزان لکوسیتها می شود و بنابراین بر روی قدرت باروری مؤثر است. 2 Background: Previous researches about the effect of smoking on semen quality are contradictory, and the mechanism behind the harmful effect of smoking on semen quality still remains unclear until today. Objective: The objectives of this study are evaluation of the relationship between smoking and fertility, investigation of the effects of cigarette smoking on sperm parameters and detection of presence of leukocytes within the semen of idiopathic infertile men from Northeastern China. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 1512 infertile patients who visited affiliated hospitals of Jilin University from 2007-2010 were enrolled in this study. Patients were assigned into one non-smoking and one smoking group which was divided into mild, moderate and heavy subgroups. Sperm parameters (including leukocytes) and sperm morphology analysis were performed using standard techniques. Results: Compared with non-smokers, smokers had a significant decrease in semen volumes (p=0.006), rapid progressive motility (p=0.002) and sperm viability (p=0.019); moreover, smokers had a significant increase in the levels of immotile sperms (p=0.005) and semen leukocytes (p=0.002); pH and sperm concentration were not statistically significant (p=0.789 and p=0.297 respectively). Sperm motion parameters were all lower in the smokers except for beat-cross frequency (Hz) (BCF). Further, the percentage of normal morphology sperm was decreased significantly in smokers (p=0.003), the sperm morphology was worse with increasing degree of smoking. Conclusion: These findings suggest that smoking leads to a significant decline in semen quality and higher levels of leukocytes, thus smoking may affects the fertilization efficiency. 589 0 2017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/12017/10/1 1396/7/9 2018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/42018/03/6 1396/12/15 Zhi Hong Zhang Zhi Hong Zhang Reproductive Medical Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China Hai Bo Zhu Hai Bo Zhu Reproductive Medical Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China Lei Lei Li Lei Lei Li Department of Cell Biology, Bethune Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China Yang Yu Yang Yu Reproductive Medical Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China Hong Guo Zhang Hong Guo Zhang Reproductive Medical Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China Rui Zhi Liu Rui Zhi Liu Reproductive Medical Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China lrz420@126.com Smoking Male infertility Semen analysis Leukocyte سیگار کشیدن ناباروری مردان آنالیز سیمن لکوسیت. 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