1 2476-4108 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 529 Morphological diversity of sperm: A mini review Prakash Seppan b Prithiviraj Elumalai c Suresh Sekar Lakshmi Nagella Venkata e Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj f Anuradha Murugesan g Ganesh Lakshmanan h Dinesh Premavathy i b Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India c Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India e Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India f Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India g Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India h Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India i Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India 1 5 2014 12 4 239 242 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Sperms are highly specialized cells for delivering DNA from male to the ovum. Incredibly, wide degree of diversity in sperm morphology in their basic structures i.e. head, middle piece and tail is found across species. Differences in terms of overall size of the sperm, shape and number of sperm produced are also incredible. One of the key for this variations or diversity in sperm may be associated with female reproductive tract, sperm competition, testicular size and sperm size and number. Establishing a correlation between sperm morphology and factors influencing them is a phenomenal task. In this mini-review these associations and the anatomical and functional adaptations among different from of sperm cells that have evolved to optimize fertilization success are discussed. Nevertheless, explaining these morphological diversities in sperm cells is a challenging question and it seems that evolutionary biologists have only recently engaged in exploring its links and patterns. From the literatures it seems that there is no causal relationship between sperm size and testicular size, however, the accumulated knowledge do indicates evolution of sperm morphology across species has some associations with female reproductive tract, sperm competition and sperm size and number, however interpreting these results for phylogentic correlations should be approached with caution.
531 Effects of magnetized water on ovary, pre-implantation stage endometrial and fallopian tube epithelial cells in mice Hafizi Leili j Gholizadeh Mostafa k Karimi Mohammad l Hosseini Golkoo m Mostafavi-Toroghi Hesam n Haddadi Mehdi o Rezaiean Amin p Ebrahimi Mahmoud Emami Meibodi Neda j Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran k Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran l Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran m Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran n Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran o Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran p Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 243 248 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: Magnetized water has made many improvements in industry, agriculture and medicine. However its utilization in medicine still remains controversial. Objective:  In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of magnetized water on height of epithelial cells in pre-implantation stage endometrium and fallopian tube and number of corpus lutea in female mice. Materials and Methods:  Eighty female NRMI mice were recruited to this experimental study and randomly divided into two groups: the control group which drank normal water and the experimental (case) group which drank magnetized water for 2 weeks. Super-ovulation was induced in these mice and then they were mated with male mice as well. Samples of ovary, uterus and fallopian tube were obtained at the pre-implantation stage. Then, after preparation, the number of corpus lutea in each ovary was counted and the height of fallopian and endometrial epithelial cells was measured by light microscopy. Results:  Data analysis showed a significant increase in the mean number of corpus lutea and the height of epithelial cells in fallopian tube comparing the case with the control group (p=0.01, p=0.002 respectively) whereas uterus epithelial cells of the case group showed insignificant increase in height, in compare with the control group (p=0.052). Conclusion:  Our results suggest that magnetized water intake increases the number of corpus lutea and the height of fallopian tube epithelial cells. Further research is needed to determine whether this will increase in the success rate of fertility. 532 Evaluation of ebselen supplementation on cryopreservation medium in human semen Khodayari Naeini Zohreh Hassani Bafrani Hassan Nikzad Hossein Kashan Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Kashan Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 249 256 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: An effect of cryopreservation on human sperm is sublethal cryodamage, in which cell viability post-thaw is lost more rapidly at later times than in fresh cells. Objective: This study examined whether the addition of an antioxidant to cryopreservation medium could improve the post-thaw parameters and evaluation of sperm chromatin quality of cryopreserved human spermatozoa from men with normal semen parameters. Materials and Methods: Semen samples (n=35) were collected by masturbation and assessed following WHO standards. Individual samples were classified as two portions. One portion (n=10) was for elucidate the concentration of ebselen.Then the samples(n=25) were divided in to 5groups.The first aliquot remained fresh.The second aliquots was mixed with cryopreservation medium.The third aliquots were mixed with cryopreservation medium containing solvent of ebselen.The forth and fifth aliquots were mixed with cryopreservation medium containing 1.25 and 2.5 µm of ebselen.Samples were frozen and thawed samples were assessed for sperm parameters.Three-way ANOVA Multivariate measures were used to assess. According to this assesment the differences are observed in existent groups in post-thaw count, motility index, vitality staining, and morphology and DNA fragmentation. Results: After freezing the media containing of ebselen, DNA fragmentation is significantly different in comparison with control group. ebselen with 1.25 µm dose was significantly associated with post-thaw DNA fragmentation (p=0.047). Similarly ebselen with 2.5 µm dose was significantly associated with post-thaw DNA fragmentation (p=0.038). But other parameters were not altered. Conclusion: These results suggest that the addition of ebselen to cryopreservation medium doesnot improve post-thaw parameters and DNA fragmentation of sperm 533 Mutation analysis of TNP1 gene in infertile men with varicocele Heidari Mohammad Mehdi Khatami Mehri Talebi Ali Reza Moezzi Fahime Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Department of Anatomy, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 257 262 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: Varicocele is associated with the failure of ipsilateral testicular growth and development, and the symptoms of pain and reduced fertility. The highly condensed structure of the sperm nuclear chromatin is provided by proper expression of Transition Nuclear Protein (TNP) genes, so any dysregulational expression of these genes results in abnormal spermatogenesis and infertility. Objective:  The aim of present study was to assess the association between TNP1 mutations and varicocele in Iranian infertile men. Materials and Methods:  Analysis of association between TNP1 gene mutation and varicocele phenotype was performed using PCR and Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism technique and DNA sequencing in 82 varicocele infertile men and 80 control subjects. Results:  Sequence analysis was identified one variant in this gene that found in 15 infertile men and was absent in control group. This variant was a single nucleotide polymorphism that were identified in the intron region of this gene at position g.IVS1+75T>C. Conclusion:  The effect of this nucleotide substitution in intronic region of the TNP1 gene and their role on expression remains to be determined. 527 Can we rely on the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method (MLPA) for prenatal diagnosis? Omrani Mir Davood Azizi Faezeh Rajabibazl Masoumeh Safavi Naini Niloufar Omrani Sara Mona Abbasi Arezo Saleh Gargari Soraya Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia, USA Feto-Maternal Unit, Mahdieh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti, University, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 263 268 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: The major aneuploidies that are diagnosed prenatally involve the autosomal chromosomes 13, 18, and 21, as well as sex chromosomes, X and Y. Because multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is rapid and non-invasive, it has replaced traditional culture methods for the screening and diagnosis of common aneuploidies in some countries. Objective:  To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of MLPA in a cross-sectional descriptive study for the detection of chromosomal aneuploidies in comparison to other methods. Materials and Methods:  Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples of 10 normal controls and the amniotic fluid of 55 patients. Aneuploidies screening of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y were carried out using specific MLPA probe mixes (P095-A2). For comparison purposes, samples were also tested by Quantitative Fluorescent-PCR (QF-PCR) and routine chromosomal culture method. Results:  Using this specific MLPA technique and data-analyzing software (Genemarker v1.85), one case was diagnosed with 45, X (e.g. Monosomy X or Turner’s Syndrome), and the remaining 54 cases revealed normal karyotypes. These results were concordant with routine chromosomal culture and QF-PCR findings. Conclusion:  The experiment demonstrates that MLPA can provide a rapid and accurate clinical method for prenatal identification of common chromosomal aneuploidies with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. 528 Predictive value of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in vaginal fluid for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes Asgharnia Maryam Mirblouk Fariba Salamat Fatemeh Ashrafkhani Babak Dirbaz Zahra Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 269 274 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) occurs in 3% of pregnancies and 30-40% of preterm labors are related to this problem. Early diagnosis of PPROM is very important due to its impact on pregnancy outcomes. Objective: To determine the diagnostic value of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in vaginal fluid for the diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes as a non-invasive and available test. Materials and Methods:  A total of 148 pregnant women between the 26th-36th gestational weeks were enrolled in the study. 74 patients were in PROM group and 74 in control group. AST and ALT levels in vaginal fluid were measured in each group. Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare AST and ALT levels in each group. Results:  The mean of AST level in vaginal fluid was 12.77±10.06 in PROM group vs. 6.91±10.92 in control group (p<0.001), while there were no significant difference between ALT levels in PROM group 1.51±3.17 and control group 0.89±1.15 (p=0.49). Optimal cut point of AST for the diagnosis of PROM was 4.5 IU/L in this study. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 82.4%, 63.5%, 69.32% and 78.33% respectively. Conclusion:  According to the findings of this study, measurement of AST level in vaginal fluid can be used as a reliable test for diagnosis of PROM, but there is no good cut point for ALT level that can be practically used. 530 The effect of maternal nicotine on basement membrane collagen IV of brain microvessels changes in neonatal Balb/C mice Tahajjodi Somayyeh Sadat Amerion Maryam Mahdavi Shahri Nasser Jalali Mehdi Nikravesh Mohammad Reza Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 275 280 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: Nicotine can pass through placental blood barrier and accumulate in the developing organs of fetus. Also, entering the breast milk, nicotine can have an effect on the neonates. Investigations have showed that collagen IV is one of the most important micro vessels basement membrane components. Objective:  In this study, the effect of maternal nicotine exposure in pre and postnatal periods on collagen IV in microvessels of neonatal Balb/C mice brain cortex was studied by immunohistochemistry technique. Materials and Methods:  24 pregnant Balb/C mice were divided in to 4 groups (6 mice in each group): two experimental and 2 control groups. The mothers in the 1st experimental group were injected 3 mg/kg nicotine intrapritoneally from the 5th day of pregnancy to parturition daily and in 2nd experimental group the same procedure was repeated to the 10th day after parturition (lactation). The control groups received the same volume of normal saline during the same time. 10 days after delivery, the brain tissues of newborns were isolated. Then, prepared blocks from fixed brain were cut serially for immunohistochemical assay. Results:  The findings of the present study indicated that collagen IV reaction in microvessels basement membrane in the first experimental group increased significantly compared to the first control group (p=0.002). In addition, collagen IV reaction in microvessels basement membrane in the 2nd experimental group increased significantly compared to the 2nd control group (p=0.002). However, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups. Conclusion:  These results suggested that maternal nicotine exposure during prenatal period may increase basement membrane collagen IV expression. Also, nicotine increases in maternal breast milk has no effect on basement membrane collagen IV expression. 524 Ovarian ectopic pregnancy: A rare case Ghasemi Tehrani Hatav Hamoush Zaynab Ghasemi Mojdeh Hashemi Leila Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Research Office of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 281 284 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: Ovarian pregnancy is a rare form of the non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. It ends with rupture before the end of the first trimester. One of the important risk factors for ovarian pregnancy is in the use of Intra uterine devices (IUD). Case:  We report here one such uncommon case of ovarian ectopic pregnancy. Our patient is a 30 years old multiparous woman with two previous cesarean sections with severe hypogastric abdominal pain. During laparotomy, ruptured ovarian ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed, and wedge resection of the ovary was only done. Histopathological examination confirmed it to be an ovarian ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion:  IUD is one of contraceptive methods which prevents intra-uterine implantation in 99.5%, if implant occurs with IUD, it is tubal implantation in 95% of cases, and it is very rare in other places such as ovary. The most important risk factor of ovarian ectopic pregnancy is IUD as in this study it was showed 525 Management of cervical ectopic pregnancy after unsuccesful methotrexate treatment Šijanović Siniša Vidosavljević Domagoj Topolovec Zlatko Milostić-Srb Andrea Mrčela Milanka Cathedra for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, JJ. Strossmeyer University School of Medicine Osijek, Croatia Cathedra for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, JJ. Strossmeyer University School of Medicine Osijek, Croatia Cathedra for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, JJ. Strossmeyer University School of Medicine Osijek, Croatia Cathedra for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, JJ. Strossmeyer University School of Medicine Osijek, Croatia Institute for pathology and forensic medicine, KBC Osijek, Osijek, Croatia 1 5 2014 12 4 285 288 01 10 2017 03 02 2018 Background: Cervical pregnancy is rare and dangerous form of ectopic pregnancy which can be treated surgically or conservatively. Methotrexate is reasonable conservative option with high efficiency and acceptable level of side effects. Aim of this paper is to present possible treatment option in case of methotrexate failure, still keeping the postulates of minimal invasive surgery. Case:  We describe a case of cervical ectopic pregnancy in nulliparous female that was unsuccessfully treated with single dose, local, ultrasound guided intraamniotic methotrexate. Due to vaginal bleeding caused by remaining products of conception a hysteroscopic resection was performed. Conclusion:  Despite the problems that can occur in methotrexate treatment, it is still by far, cheapest and most effective treatment of cervical pregnancies. If necessary, procedure can be combined with other minimal invasive surgical procedures leading to satisfactory results. Hysteroscopic resection has enabled us to remove the product of conception from cervix making the minimal damage to the local tissue, thus preserving fertility. 526 Sex selection from Islamic point of view Dezhkam Lotfollah Dezhkam Hakime Dezhkam Iman Department of Maaref, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 1 5 2014 12 4 289 290 01 10 2017 04 02 2018 Now there are three ways to select the sex of the fetus before implantation (1, 2). Two of these methods are scientifically proven that are used in the fertility and infertility centers (3). Two types of pre implantation methods (PGD and Ericsson method) used for social sex selection. Both of them are based on actively rendering the second sex chromosome to be either a Y chromosome (resulting in a male), or an X chromosome (resulting in a female). Another way to determine the sex of an embryo before implantation is called PGD (pre implantation genetic diagnosis). In this procedure, after ovarian stimulation multiple oocytes are removed from the mother. The eggs are fertilized in the laboratory using the father's sperm in a technique called in vitro fertilization (IVF). As the embryos develop through cleavage, a blastomere is removed from each embryo and then assessed for the presence of Y and X chromosome and separated by sexual chromosome. Embryos of the desired gender are transferred back in the mother's uterus (4). There are two ways to select the sperm sex; Micro Sort and Ericsson method (5, 6). In this way the sperm that contain the desired sex chromosome can be selected and used for fertilization of female gametes. In Ericsson as sperm passes through albumin gradient, the differences in mass between the X and Y chromosomes cause the females dragged down by the weight of the extra "leg" of the X sex chromosome. The method has a 70-72% success rate for boys and a 69-75% success rate for girls (2). The third method is the determination of sperm sex chromosomes in sperm sorting by flow cytometry. Sperm sorting is an advanced technique that sorts sperm "in vitro" by flow cytometry. This shines a laser at the sperm to distinguish X and Y chromosomes and can automatically separate the sperm out into different samples. The technology is already in commercial use for animal farming (7). It is currently being trialed on humans in the US under the trademark Micro Sort; it claims a 90% success rate but is still considered experimental by the FDA (3). There are also methods for sex selection after implantation which can be performed by prenatal sex discernment, followed by sex-selective abortion of any offspring of the unwanted sex that is unaccepted in Islam and there is not the place to discuss (8). There are great ethical debates about being true or false using these methods in sex selecting in American and European ethics committees. Primary care physicians questioned whether women could truly express free choice under pressure from family and community. Other concern is that sex selection led to invasive medical interventions in the absence of therapeutic indications that could result in child neglect of the lesser-desired sex (9). We want to answer this concern in Islamic view and show whether it is true or false to use this methods in Islam. Currently the sex selection is done for two medical and non-medical reasons that in medical reason preventing genetic disease to occur in a child and Non-medical reason is done merely for the sake of parental interest and desire to have a son or daughter. From the Islamic point of view (Shia jurisprudence), there is no barrier for using the two methods accepted by the FDA and the reasons cited by the Ethics Committee of the American and European to ban the use of these methods is just for the possibility and fear of future risk that are talked about and those reasons are not notable at all and we can simply make strategies to prevent them. The only thing that limit the use of Micro Sort and Ericsson method, is arrangements of doing (Unlawful see and Unlawful touch) (10, 11). With regard to the above, we could conclude, first the use of these two methods (PGD and Ericsson method) is allowed for medical items and second for non-medical items must exist a necessity or hardship to allow to do (12). This task is dependent on the organizations and institutions review ethical and medical considerations and ambiguities to set a framework for using these methods.