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دوره 19، شماره 11 - ( 9-1400 )
جلد 19 شماره 11 صفحات 1026-1025 |
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Tajalli S, Imani A. Tokophobia in Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. IJRM 2021; 19 (11) :1025-1026
URL: http://ijrm.ir/article-1-2145-fa.html
URL: http://ijrm.ir/article-1-2145-fa.html
Tokophobia in Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine. 1400; 19 (11) :1025-1026
چکیده: (1002 مشاهده)
On March 11 2020, the World Health Organization declared that coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) was a worldwide pandemic (1). This virus belongs to the group of beta-
coronaviruses (2). At first it appeared that people aged over 60 yr had a higher risk of
respiratory disabilities and death as a result of COVID-19 infection (3), but that pregnant
women were not adversely affected (4). Then later, pregnant women were classified as
an at-risk group; recently a report showed that COVID-19 infection during pregnancy can
lead to adverse clinical consequences including maternal disease and life-threatening
complications. Some mothers infected with COVID-19 have required hospitalization,
intensive care, and invasive/noninvasive ventilation. Also spontaneous abortion, perinatal
death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and admission to the NICU are
possible (5). COVID-19 infection in pregnant women with severe respiratory signs and
symptoms is usually accompanied by maternal and neonatal adverse health consequences:
low birth weight, preterm birth, maternal mortality, and eclampsia (6, 7). Undoubtedly,
pregnant women experience a worsening of signs and symptoms throughout and after
pregnancy when infected with COVID-19 (8, 9). Adverse results of this specific condition
are stress, anxiety, forced isolation, loneliness, and depression, which are heightened in
pregnant women (10, 11). These women have additional concerns about their own and
their unborn baby’s health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictive public health actions
were implemented to reduce community transmission: quarantine implementations, border
closures and travel bans, isolation and physical distancing, interaction limitation, and
decreased access to social support (12, 13). Coronavirus is rapidly spreading around the
world and its psychological effects are increasing gradually (14). Certainly, COVID-19, as a
novel coronavirus, is responsible for overwhelming emotional and psychological changes.
During this pandemic, pregnant women and other vulnerable groups are unprotected from
the high levels of stress and other psychological disorders.
(COVID-19) was a worldwide pandemic (1). This virus belongs to the group of beta-
coronaviruses (2). At first it appeared that people aged over 60 yr had a higher risk of
respiratory disabilities and death as a result of COVID-19 infection (3), but that pregnant
women were not adversely affected (4). Then later, pregnant women were classified as
an at-risk group; recently a report showed that COVID-19 infection during pregnancy can
lead to adverse clinical consequences including maternal disease and life-threatening
complications. Some mothers infected with COVID-19 have required hospitalization,
intensive care, and invasive/noninvasive ventilation. Also spontaneous abortion, perinatal
death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and admission to the NICU are
possible (5). COVID-19 infection in pregnant women with severe respiratory signs and
symptoms is usually accompanied by maternal and neonatal adverse health consequences:
low birth weight, preterm birth, maternal mortality, and eclampsia (6, 7). Undoubtedly,
pregnant women experience a worsening of signs and symptoms throughout and after
pregnancy when infected with COVID-19 (8, 9). Adverse results of this specific condition
are stress, anxiety, forced isolation, loneliness, and depression, which are heightened in
pregnant women (10, 11). These women have additional concerns about their own and
their unborn baby’s health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictive public health actions
were implemented to reduce community transmission: quarantine implementations, border
closures and travel bans, isolation and physical distancing, interaction limitation, and
decreased access to social support (12, 13). Coronavirus is rapidly spreading around the
world and its psychological effects are increasing gradually (14). Certainly, COVID-19, as a
novel coronavirus, is responsible for overwhelming emotional and psychological changes.
During this pandemic, pregnant women and other vulnerable groups are unprotected from
the high levels of stress and other psychological disorders.
نوع مطالعه: Letter to Editor |
فهرست منابع
1. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. Avalable at: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
2. Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn Ch, Kandi V. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An update. Cureus 2020; 12: e7423. [DOI:10.7759/cureus.7423]
3. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 2020; 323: 1775-1776. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4683] [PMID]
4. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 22: 415-426. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Schwartz DA, Graham AL. Potential maternal and infant outcomes from (Wuhan) coronavirus 2019-nCoV infecting pregnant women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus infections. Viruses 2020; 12: 194. [DOI:10.3390/v12020194] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Chen YH, Keller J, Wang IT, Lin ChCh, Lin HCh. Pneumonia and pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207: 288. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.023] [PMID] [PMCID]
7. Poon LC, Yang H, Lee JCS, Copel JA, Leung TY, Zhang Y, et al. ISUOG interim guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium: Information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020; 55: 700-708.
https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.22013 [DOI:10.1002/uog.22061] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Furtado M, Van Lieshout RJ, Van Ameringen M, Green ShM, Frey BN. Biological and psychosocial predictors of anxiety worsening in the postpartum period: A longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2019; 250: 218-225. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.064] [PMID]
9. Breslin N, Baptiste C, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Miller R, Martinez R, Bernstein K, et al. Coronavirus diseadse 2019 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020; 2: 100118. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100118] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. Ravaldi C, Wilson A, Ricca V, Homer C, Vannacci A. Pregnant women voice their concerns and birth expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Women Birth 2021; 34: 335-343. [DOI:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.07.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
11. Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Chasson M, Abu Sharkia S, Weiss E. Distress and anxiety associated with COVID-19 among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 38: 340-348. [DOI:10.1080/02646838.2020.1786037] [PMID]
12. Cowling BJ, Aiello AE. Public health measures to slow community spread of coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2020; 221: 1749-1751. [DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiaa123] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Usher K, Bhullar N, Jackson D. Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs 2020; 29: 2756-2757. [DOI:10.1111/jocn.15290] [PMID]
14. Kontoangelos K, Economou M, Papageorgiou Ch. Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: A review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17: 491-505. [DOI:10.30773/pi.2020.0161] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Demšar K, Svetina M, Verdenik I, Tul N, Blickstein I, Velikonja VG. Tokophobia (fear of childbirth): Prevalence and risk factors. J Perinat Med 2018; 46: 151-154. [DOI:10.1515/jpm-2016-0282] [PMID]
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